Growth & Development Flashcards
infant development group and theories
1-12 months / trust vs mistrust / sensorimotor
toddler development group and theories
1-3 years / autonomy vs shame & doubt / preoperational; egocentrism
preschooler development group and theories
3-6 years / initiative vs guilt / preoperational; cause & effect, magical thinking
school age development group and theories
6-12 years / industry vs inferiority / concrete operational; deductive reasoning
adolescent development group and theories
12-18 years / identity vs role confusion / formal operational; abstract reasoning
general growth and development milestones
physical, fine motor, gross motor, sensory
general pattern of physical growth
cephalocaudal, proximodistal, simple to complex
developmental screening assessments
Denver II, PDQ II, ASQ, infant language, infant inventory
Denver II
general brief assessment, determines need for further testing
weight trends for infants 1st year of life
birth weight double @ 6 mo & triple @ 12 mo
when assessing a premature infant go by
adjusted age; chronological - weeks early
infant neurological development assessment findings
head circumference: brain growth, anterior fontanelle open until 12-18 months, primitive reflexes: disappear first few months –> protective reflexes
infant respiratory development assessment findings
resp rate from 30-60 @birth –> 20-30 @12 mo, irregular breaths/periodic pauses @birth, not fully mature until 7
infant cardiovascular development assessment findings
heart doubles in size by first year, pulse 120-140 –> 100 @12 mo, BP 60/40 –> 100/50 @12 mo, thermoregulation better by 1 year
infant gastrointestinal development assessment findings
tooth eruption ~6 mo, saliva ~3 mo, 0.5-1 oz stomach capacity @birth, meconium stool
infant genitourinary assessment findings
high body water; risk of dehydration, frequent urination, low specific gravity urine
infant integumentary system assessment findings
fine downy hair; lanugo, newborn acrocyanosis; hands and feet & gone after a few days
infant hematopoietic assessment findings
iron from mom; depleted b7 ~6-9 mo unless supplemented
infant immunologic assessment findings
IgG from mother; helps for 3-6 months
concerning infant assessment findings (4)
lack of head circumference growth, premature fontanel closure, persistent premature reflexes or regression, central cyanosis; mouth, head, torso
infant psychosocial/Erikson development
basic needs met, tolerance for frustration increases; trusts gratification will be provided
infant cognitive/Piaget development
senses and motor skills to learn, object permanence ~8 mo, purposeful movements, symbols and events
Infant gross motor skills by months
1- lifts & turns head, head lag then pulled to sit
2- raises head to chest
3- head raise ~45, slight head lag
4- lifts head, looks around, rolls, head leads when pulled to sit
5- rolls, sits supported
6- tripod sit
7- sit w hands
8- sits alone
9- crawls
10- pulls to stand, cruises
12- sits, walks
concerning infant gross motor skill assessment findings
persistent head lag past 4 mo, not sitting unsupported @9 mo, lack of pincer grasp @12 mo, persistent eye crossing past 5mo, no reaction to loud noise
infant sight assessment findings
newborns nearsighted, prefer faces & high contrast objects, eyes cross occasionally, people recognition by 1 mo, binocular vision 6 weeks, color vision 7 mo
infant hearing assessment findings
regular
infant smell and taste assessment findings
7-day old knows breast milks, prefers sweets
infant touch assessment findings
prefers soft, holding, stroking, rocking, cuddling
concerning infant developmental assessment findings
not reacting to loud noise, no coos/vocalizations @4 mo, no laugh/squeal @6 months, no babbling @8mo, no single words @12mo, regression
stranger anxiety in infants
clingy and whiny, recognizing self, approach baby calmly and slowly
separation anxiety in infants
distress, lessens when older realizes parent will come back,
developmental concerns in infants
colic, spitting up, thumb sucking, pacifiers, security items, teething
developmental promotion in infants
solitary play, toys, safety, nutrition, oral hygiene
toddler gross motor skill development
running, climbing, jumping, pushing, pulling, throwing, peddling tric
when does the posterior fontanelle close
2-5 mo
when does the anterior fontanelle close
18-24 months
toddler fine motor skill development
utensils, drawing
toddler emotional/social development
sense of self, self control, egocentrism
toddler behavior
security item, gender difference, aggressive behaviors, fear of strangers, fear of loss of parents, no clear body boundaries
toddler play
structured and unstructured physical activity, parallel play, egocentric and short attention span
toddler nutrition
wean breastfeeding, limit juice, using a cup, 3 full meals 2 snacks, choking consideration, self-feeding, sleep through night w one nap
toddler development concerns
toileting, temper tantrums, thumb sucking/pacifiers, sibling rivalry, aggression
toddler hospitalization concerns
stranger anxiety and regression, consistent routines, autonomy when able, caregiver involvement, speak quietly and at eye level
toddler physical growth
2.5 - 3 inches per year, 5 lbs per year, loss of body fat increase of muscle
toddler physiologic concerns
bed wetting and constipation
preschooler developmental
imaginary friends, past recollection, symbolic and magical thinking, assertion of own power, superego; am I bad or good
preschooler social development
make and keep friends, associative play 3-4, cooperative play 4+
preschooler promotion of growth and development
building self-esteem, maintain routine and ritual, limits and consistency, knowing signs of developmental delay
preschooler developmental promotion
nutrient dense, dental hygiene, 12 hours of sleep, car, falls, poisoning, water safety
Preschooler hospitalization
offer options, explain procedures; use dolls, caregiver presence
school age physical development
2 in per year, 4-6 lbs, secondary sex
school age psychosocial
sense of pride, confidence, how can I be goos, abstract thought, reversibility, others thoughts and desires
school age communication
culturally specific, complex grammar, metaphor understanding
school age play and rest
cooperative, leadership and following, 12 hrs sleep, sleep schedule
School age hospitalization
independence and self-care, assist, honest information w concrete, meaningful words to reduce fear, caregiver
stages of play
unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, cooperative
adolescent physiological development
peak height @12 F & 14 M, muscle in boys, fat in girls,
adolescent social/cognitive
sense of self, abstract thought, peer groups,
hospitalized adolescent
maintain independence, participation in decisions, encourage peer socialization
