Cardiac

Question 1

circulatory changes at birth

Answer 1

triggered by first breath, PA pressure drops–> ductus arteriosus closes, RA pressure drops –> foramen ovals closes, vascoconstriction –> ductus venosus closes

Question 2

assessment concerns

Answer 2

cyanosis, sob, dob, tachypnea, clubbing, trouble eating, FTT, edema, jaundice

Question 3

assess

Answer 3

AI, CRT, liver, HR, BP on lower and upper extremities

Question 4

making a diagnosis

Answer 4

holter monitor, ECG, xray, echo, arteriogram, prenatal ultrasound, catheter

Question 5

congenital examples

Answer 5

tetralogy of fallout, tricuspid atresia, atrial septal defect, atrioventricular canal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, patent ductus arteriosus

Question 6

acquired examples

Answer 6

HF, endocarditis, cardiomyopathy, HTN, rheumatic fever, Kawasaki disease, hyperlipidemia

Question 7

diseases w decreased pulmonary blood flow

Answer 7

tetralogy of fallout, tricuspid atresia

Question 8

diseases with increased pulmonary blood flow

Answer 8

ASD, VSD, AV canal, PDA

Question 9

obstructive diseases

Answer 9

aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta

Question 10

mixed diseases

Answer 10

transposition of the great vessels, anomalous pulmonary vein connection, trunks arteriosus, hypo plastic left heart syndrome

Question 11

tetralogy of fallot

Answer 11

decreased, 4 defects; right vent hypertrophy, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, VSD (run Olivia punched Vanessa)
cyanosis - knee to chest, o2, morphine, IV fluids

Question 12

tricuspid atresia

Answer 12

decreased, tricuspid valve doesn’t develop in utero, deoxygenated blood goes through atrial septum PFO, blood mixing @ pulmonary artery & aorta

Question 13

atrial septal defect

Answer 13

increased, hole between left and right atria, asymptomatic
sob, fatigue, FTT

Question 14

ventricular septal defect

Answer 14

increased, how between L and R ventricles
asymptomatic if small, shunt,
loud harsh murmur, PHTN, HF, FTT

Question 15

atrioventricular canal

Answer 15

increased, tricuspid and mitral valves, ASD, VSD, shunting, pulmonary edema

Question 16

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 16

increased, aorta and pulmonary artery connected, second most common congenital, premies, high altitudes, to accommodate right to left shunting diseases such as artioventircular canal and ventricular septal defect,

Question 17

coarct

Answer 17

obstructive, BP in all 4; higher in uppers

Question 18

aortic stenosis

Answer 18

obstructive, restricted blood flow between L vent and aorta, asymptomatic; FTT, faint pulses, easy fatigue, chest pain

Question 19

pulmonary stenosis

Answer 19

obstructive, R vent to pulmonary artery, asymptomatic; FTT, faint pulses, easy fatigue, cheat pain

Question 20

transposition of the great vessels

Answer 20

mixed, PA and aorta switched, accompanied by ASD or VSD, surgical intervention; switch, balloon partial septostomy, PGE

Question 21

total anomalous pulmonary vein connection

Answer 21

mixed, pulmonary veins dont connect to L atrium; connect to r atrium/s vena cava, PFO/ASD present

Question 22

trances arteriosus

Answer 22

mixed, decreased, single large vessel, surgery

Question 23

hypo plastic left heart syndrome

Answer 23

mixed, small L vent, small aorta, prenatal, several surgeries, transplant

Question 24

CHD management

Answer 24

semi fowlers, sparingly o2, weigh frequently, high calorie, infection prevention

Question 25

HF

Answer 25

6 mo, reduced output, hypertrophy
sweating during feeds, poor feeds, increase WOB, decrease UOP, low BP, tachycardia, mottled pale skin, edema, crackles

Question 26

infective endocarditis

Answer 26

bacteria/fungi, CHD, prosthetic valves, central lines
flu-like, fatigue, anorexia/weight loss
antibiotics/anti-fungal 4-6 weeks

Question 27

cardiomyopathy

Answer 27

myocardium can’t contract, leads to HF and transplant
monitor for clots, diuretics, promote rest and some activity

Question 28

HTN

Answer 28

overweight/obesity, growth retardation,
loose wright, diet, excercise

Question 29

post op

Answer 29

temp, output, tamponade/arrythmia, f/e balance, hemorrhage,

Question 30

cardiac tamponade

Answer 30

abrupt lack of chest tube drainage, hypotension, muffled heart sounds, decreased perfusion, narrowing pulse pressures, widening mediastinum on X-ray, increased R and L atrial pressures

Question 31

HF goals

Answer 31

save energy, decrease metabolic demands, fluid removal, positioning, nutrition, ***sparing o2, pulmonary vasodilator

Question 32

HF rx

Answer 32

furosemide, spironolactone, digoxin, vasodilators