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Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thorax

A

is the region of the body between the abdomen and then neck.

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2
Q

What is the top of thorax called?

A

Inlet

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3
Q

What are the feature of the inlet ?

A

Posteriorly this is where the first thoracic vertebrate is found and laterally where the first pair of ribs. Anteriorly this is where costal rib cartilage starts and there is the superior border of the manubrium.

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4
Q

What is the bottom of thorax called?

A

Outlet

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5
Q

What are the features of the outlet?

A

Posteriorly this is where the 12th thoracic vertebrate is found and laterally it is where the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs are found. Anteriorly the costal cartilage of the 7-10th ribs and xiphisternal joint are found. =

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6
Q

What is another name for the outlet?

A

costal margin.

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7
Q

Facts about the mediastinum

A

Found in the thorax
Sits just above the diaphragm
Doesn’t contain the lungs

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8
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum ?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

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9
Q

Features of the sternum

A

Clavicular notch
Jugular notch
Sternal angle

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10
Q

What is the clavicular notch?

A

Found at the level of T3

Forms a saddle joint with the clavicle

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11
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Found at the level of T4 + T5 .
Attached to the costal cartilage of the 2nd vertebrate
Also called the sternomanubrial joint

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12
Q

What costal cartilage articulates at the joint between the Xiphoid process and the body

A

7th costal cartilage

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13
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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14
Q

Describe the movement of the ribs during inspiration

A

Up and out

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15
Q

What ribs are ‘true’ ribs ?

A

1-7 Attached directly to the sternum

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16
Q

What are false ribs?

A

8-10 indirectly connected to the sternum

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17
Q

What are floating ribs ?

A

11 and 12 not connected to the sternum

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18
Q

What are typical ribs?

A

3-9 typical because of there shape. They have a body, neck (which has a tubercle), and head which has two articular facets

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19
Q

What is an example of an unusual rib?

A

1
Broad and flat
one Articular facet
Two groves separated by a scalene tubercle which is an attachment for scalene muscles.
Anterior grove where the subclavian vein runs
Posterior grove where the subclavian artery and lower trunk of the brachial plexus run

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20
Q

What is the ridge between the groves of the 1st rib called and what does it do?

A

scalene tubercle which is an attachment for scalene muscles

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21
Q

What is the anterior grove for ?

A

where the subclavian vein runs

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22
Q

What is the posterior grove for ?

A

where the subclavian artery and lower trunk of brachial plexus

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23
Q

What muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

Diagram

external intercostal

24
Q

What muscles are involved in expiration?

A

normally passive but if under strain the internal intercostal muscles will be used

25
Q

Describe the intercostal muscles

A

The external intercostal muscles run towards the bellybutton
internal intercostal muscles run away from the bellybutton
The innermost intercostal muscles run vertically
The intercostal space also contains a vein, artery and nerve bundle which sit in the costal groove of the superior rib in between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles
collateral branches of the VAN that run close to the inferior rib

26
Q

What is the inferior VAN group in the intercostal muscles called?

A

Collateral branches

27
Q

How are the intercostal muscles innervated?

A

Intercostal nerves which are somatic and carry sensory and motor nerves

28
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration ?

A

Descends and flattens

29
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

largely muscle with a central tendon part

30
Q

Facts about the diaphragm

A

right of which is slightly higher than the left
two crura which are tendon like in structure attached to vertebrate
contains arcuate ligaments which attach to the lumber vertebrate.
Attached to the Xiphoid process and costal cartilage of ribs 7-12

31
Q

Describe the left crus

A

Sits on top of L1 - L2

32
Q

Describe the right crus

A

L1-L3 and some fibres wrap up around the oesophageal opening to prevent reflux

33
Q

What are hiatuses ?

A

Openings

34
Q

What are the 3 hiatuses?

A

T8 there is a caval opening which cuts through the central tendon allowing the inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve through
T10 the oesophageal hiatus cuts through a muscular sling of the right curs allowing the oesophagus and vagus nerve to pass
At the level of T12 the aortic hiatus cuts between the left and right curs allowing the aorta, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein and thoracic duct to pass

35
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve. It is a mixed nerve which has both motor and sensory and has a nerve root at level C3, 4 and 5 [C3,4,5 keeps the diagram alive] coming from the brachial plexus. The motor part of the phrenic nerve pierce the innervate the inferior surface while the sensory part supplies the central part. The peripheral portions of the diaphragm are innervated by the sensory fibres of the intercostal nerves T7-T12.

36
Q

What are the lobes of the lungs?

A

R lung
Superior, middle and inferior
L
Superior and inferior

37
Q

What separates the lobes of the lungs?

A

The superior and middle lobe is separated by the horizontal fissure
middle and inferior lobes are separated by the oblique fissure
The left lung has two lobes the superior and inferior that are separated by the oblique fissure

38
Q

What ribs does the horizontal fissure follow?

A

4th

39
Q

What rib does the oblique fissure follow?

A

6th (Starts T2/3 and ends T6)

40
Q

What are the surfaces of the lungs ?

A

Medial side = Mediastinal surface
Inferior side = Diaphragmatic surface
Outer surface = Costal surface

41
Q

What are the boarders of the heart?

A

Anterior - inside edge
Posterior - outer edge
Inferior - lower edge

42
Q

What is the part below the cardiac notch called?

A

lingula

43
Q

What is the innervation of the heart?

A

Parasympathetic - Vagus

Sympathetic - Nerves from T2-T5

44
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?

A

To the pulmonary lymph nodes , bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, broncho-mediastinal lymph nodes, broncho-mediastinal lymph trunk

45
Q

Describe the pleura

A

the visceral side which touches the lung and the parietal side which touches the chest wall
The visceral membrane is innervated by somatic nerves (intercostal and phrenic) and so is pain sensitive while the parietal membrane is innervated by autonomic nerves and is pain insensitive
fluid filled sac

46
Q

What are pleural reflections?

A

Places where the parental pleura changes its direction of travel

47
Q

What are pleural recess?

A

space between pleura occurring at reflection

48
Q

What are the two recesses?

A

costodiaphragmatic recess and wide costomediastinal recess.

49
Q

What are the joints in the thorax? anterior

A 
Sternocostal joints are formed between the costal notches of the sternum and the costal cartilage of ribs 1-7
The first sternocostal joint is a primary cartilaginous joint
Xiphisterna joint (the joint between the body and xiphoid process of the sternum)
manubrial sternal joint (the joint between the manubrium and the sternum) and is also primary caliginous
50
Q

What are the joints of the thorax ? posterior

A

costovertebral joint synovial plane joints are formed between the head of the ribs which articulates with the body of the thoracic vertebra
costotransverse joints which is another synovial plane joint is formed between the tubercle of the rib which articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra

51
Q

What is the blood supply to the thorax?

A

. This is done through posterior intercostal arteries which are mainly branches of the descending thoracic aorta and anterior intercostal arteries which are branches of the internal thoracic artery (which is a branch of the subclavian artery in the neck). There are also branches of axillary arteries. There are also veins which in include the Azygous, hemiazygos accessory, hemiazygos venous system and internal thoracic veins. Most of which drain into the superior vina cava.

52
Q

Where does the left side of the chest wall drain too?

A

the thoracic duct and then into the left subclavian vein.

53
Q

Where does the right side of the chest wall drain too?

A

right lymphatic duct and in to the right subclavian vein.

54
Q

Where does the breast tissue drain too?

A

the axillary lymph nodes, para sternal lymph nodes and abdominal lymph nodes.

55
Q

At what level is the cardiac notch found?

A

T4-6

Anatomy (14 decks)

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