CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards
What are the 5 parts of the cardiovascular PowerPoint
What is the CVS
Anatomy of the heart
Blood supply and innervation of the heart
Walls of the heart and blood vessels
Lymphatics, blood supply and innervation of the blood vessels
What are the different components of the cardiovascular system?
the heart which is the pump
the vessels which distribute the blood
What are the different types of blood vessel?
Artery Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
What are the four main circulatory pathways in the body ?
Pulmonary
Systemic
Hepatic portal
Lymphatic system
What is the mediastinum?
Region of the thorax, which extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind and contains the thoracic organs (Not the lungs).
Where is the heart within the body?
Anteriorly it boarders the sternum and costal cartilage of T4-7
Posteriorly the heart sits on the vertebra of T5-T8, the oesophagus and the descending aorta.
Laterally it boarder the pleura and the phrenic nerves
Inferiorly it boarder site central tendon of the diaphragm
What are the 4 boarders of the heart?
Right boarder (Outside edge of the RA) Left boarder (Outside edge of the LV) Superior boarder (Auricles and great vessels are) Inferior boarder (Bottom edge of the RA, RV and LV
What are the three surfaces of the heart
Front (RV and LV and 1/3 of RA)
Inferior (RV and LV)
Posterior (LA)
Where is the apex of the heart?
5th intercostal space
What are the coverings of the heart?
2 pericardia
- Fibrous
- Serous
What is the fibrous pericardia ?
Dense connective tissue sac
What is the serious pericardia?
Outer parietal layer
Inner visceral layer (Epicardium) in between which there is the pericardial cavity which is fluid filled.
What is another name for the visceral layer of the serious pericardia?
Epicardium
Describe the features of the RA
Openings to allow for the IVC and SVC to drain and the coronary sinus to drain.
Interatrial septum which separates the RA and LA. the interatrial septum contains an fossa ovalis a depression in the IA septum formed by the closing of the foramen ovale.
Musculi pectinati is the branch like muscles on the wall of the RA crista terminalis are the muscle that all the musculi pectinati run into.
The tricuspid valve which allows blood to move from the RA to the RV.
Describe the features of the RV
The other side of the Tricuspid valve. The valve has three valve cusps (posterior, anterior and septal). There is also a chordae tendineae which a sting like structures which hold the cusps in the right direction (prevents them from inverting). There is also a papillary muscle which contracts with the heart prevent the cusps from inverting when the heart contracts
Its walls are made of trabeculae carneae .
It has a moderator band which helps with conduction.
It has openings for the pulmonary trunk.
It has a inter ventricular septum.
Describe the left atrium
Openings for the left and right superior pulmonary veins and left and right inferior pulmonary veins
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
smooth walls
Describe the left ventricle
other side of the mitral valve which contains 2 valve cusps (aortic and right)
chodae tenineae which keeps the valve the right way around and papillary muscles (2)
Trabeculae carneae
opening for the aorta
interventricular septum
Very thick walls
Forms the apex of the heart
Where is the aortic valve found?
Upper right sternal boarder at the level of the 2nd right intercostal space
Where is the pulmonary valve found?
Upper left sternal boarder at the level of the 2ns left intercostal space
Where is the tricuspid valve found?
Lower left sternal boarder at the level of the 4th intercostal space
Where is the mitral valve found ?
Over the apex beat point, mid clavicular line 5th intercostal space
What are the names of the two main coronary arteries?
The right coronary artery
The left coronary artery
What happens to the right coronary artery?
Arises at the aortic sinus (Very start of the aorta)
Runs down the coronary sulcus between the RA and RV
supplies RA and RV
forms the right marginal artery along the inferior margin
Forms the posterior descending artery down the posterior surface
What happens to the left coronary artery ?
Arises from the aortic sinus
runs into the coronary sulcus (between the LA and LV)
Forms the left anterior descending artery quite high up. Which anastomoses with the posterior descending artery. It also forms the circumflex artery which then anastomoses with the posterior descending artery.
What are the names of the veins of the heart?
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
What is the great cardiac vein ?
Big vein which runs along side the circumflex artery
What is the middle cardiac vein ?
A vein which anastomoses with with great cardiac vein and also drains into the great cardiac vein.
What is the small cardiac vein ?
This vein lies along side the right marginal artery.
What are some of the main arteries in the body?
The internal thoracic artery which divides into the anterior intercostal artery and
What are some of the main arteries in the body?
The internal thoracic artery which divides into the anterior intercostal artery
Subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery which becomes the brachial artery which forms the radial and ulnar (at cubital fossa - the elbow) These then from the digit arteries.
Aorta divides to from the two common iliac. They then each split to from the external iliac becomes the common femoral which has both deep and superficial parts. The Superficial femoral becomes the popliteal and then becomes the anterior and posterior tibial. Tibial gives off the fibular and then continues down until it becomes the dorsalis pedis.
What are some of the main veins in the body?
Internal thoracic vein which collects from the anterior thoracic veins
Azygous vein
Inferior vina cave
SVC
Superficial (Cephalic v travels up the limb on lateral side. Basilic v travels up limb on medial side. Median cubital v connects cephalic and basilic across cubital fossa.)
what is the innervation of the heart ?
Autonomic
Phrenic
vagus
Sympathetic nerves
How does the phrenic innervate the heart?
Innervates the fibrous pericardium and the parental layer of serous pericardium. carries pain sensation.
How does the vagus nerve innervate the heart?
Innervates the visceral layer of serous pericardium and the heart.
How do the sympathetic nerves innervate the heart?
T1-T4 sympathetic ganglia innervates the heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium.
Describe the path of an electrical signal through the heart
Signals arise in the SA node. Travel to the AV node. Atriums contract Delay. Stimulus is conducted through the bindle of his and ventricles contract.
Describe the walls of a blood vessel
Tunica intima - Epithelial with a basement membrane and connective tissue
Tunica media - Muscle and elastic tissue
Tunica externa/adventitia - Fibrous connective tissue and epithelium
Describe the layers of the wall in the heart
Endocardium - Epithelial which sits of a basement membrane which then sits on a layer of connective tissue. Forms the valves.
Myocardium - Thick muscle layer, of heart wall, contains cardiac muscle made up of myocytes which from intercalated discs and create branching fibres.
Epicardium - Fibrous connective tissue and epithelium. Made up of simple squamous epithelium on a basement member which sits on top of connective tissue. also called the visceral pleura. Has many branching coronary arteries and may be fatty.
How do you tell if it is an artery or a vein?
The arteries have thick muscular walls, are smaller and more round and have a think adventitia. Veins however have thin muscle walls and are larger and flatters with a thick adventitia. Veins also have valves to present back flow.
What are the names of the three types of artery ?
Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles
What are capillaries?
Capillaries are the main site of exchange of nutrients and gases. They are therefore very thin tunica intima and contain no tunica media or tunica adventitia. They contain pericytes which are incomplete layer of called surrounded the capillaries which have contractile properties and control blood flow. Blood pressure in the capillaries are is low.
What are elastic arteries?
Elastic arteries are large conducing (they conduct blood away from the heart) arteries
i.e. the aorta and common carotid.
They from a pressure reservoir and so contain extensive laminae layers of elastic fibres in the tunica media. These elastic fibres are produced by smooth muscle cells. They stretch on systole and relax during diastole, this contraction or relaxation during diastole allows the pressure of the blood to be maintained.
What are muscular arteries?
Muscular arteries distribute blood around the body.
I.e. coronary, radial and femoral artery.
They contain a thick tunica media which has smooth muscles cells.
There is no elastic laminae but elastic fibres are concentrated in 2 well defined sheets called he internal elastic lamina (IEL) which sits just under the epithelium and the thin external/outer elastic lamina (OEL) which sits between the T media and the T adventitia.
What are arterioles?
Arterioles supply blood to the capillary bed.
The smaller muscular arteries gradually change histologically to become arterioles.
There is only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media and there is no IEL and EEL and no tunica adventitia.
What are the three types of capillary?
Continuous
Fenestrate
Discontinuous/sinusoid
What are continuous capillaries?
Continuous which control what is exchanges creating selective transport mechanism as material must pass through the cell or between cells (through the junctions). They are fond in muscles.
What are fenestrate capillaries?
Fenestrate have fenestrations (pores), diaphragms filter molecules by molecular weight and or charge. They are found in endocrine glands and the kidney.
What are discontinuous / sinusoid capillaries?
discontinuous/sinusoid have big gaps between the endothelial cells (and basement membranes) this means that there is free passage of fluid and cells. They are found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. In the liver they are called sinusoids and have large diameters with discontinuous capillaries, they are found where large amounts of exchange takes place. The T intima contains phagocytic cells.
What is an arteriovenous shunt?
Arteriovenous shunts bypass the capillary beds and are found in skin to allow for thermoregulation as moving through the capillary beds will cool down the blood.
What are deep veins?
Deep veins are thin walled and surrounding by support from the deep fascia and muscles. The superficial veins drain into them.
What are superficial veins?
Superficial veins are thick walled and have no surrounding support.
How are blood vessel innervated, supplied with blood and drain lymphatically?
Blood vessels themselves receive nerve supply (sympathetic and parasympathetic), blood supply (vasa vasorum) and lymphatics (found in the T adventitia)
Which region of the mediastinum is the heart found in?
The middle
What does the right coronary artery supply?
Right atrium and right ventricle
What does the marginal artery supply?
lateral part of the Right ventricle
What does the posterior descending artery supply?
Inferior part of the heart
What does the left coronary artery supply?
Left ventricle and left atrium
What does the left anterior descending artery supply?
Right ventricle and left ventricle and interventricular septum
What groves do the coronary arteries run down?
Right and left coronary run down coronary sulcus between the atrium and ventricle
Circumflex artery runs between the atrium and ventricle
The left anterior descending artery runs in the interventricular space.
What are examples of discontinuous capillaries
Liver, Spleen and bone marrow
What are examples of fenestrate capillaries?
Endocrine glands and the kidneys
Where are continuous capillaries found?
Muscles
Where is the IEL found?
Just under the epicardium / tunica intima
Where is the OEL found?
Between the T media and T adventitia
What are examples of muscular arteries?
coronary, radial and femoral artery
What are examples of elastic arteries?
aorta and common carotid
What is the wall structure of the capillaries?
Just T intima with a partial layer of pericytes
What is the musculi pectinati?
Found in the wall of the RA branching structure
What is the fossa ovalis ?
Dent in the interatrial septum due to the closure of the foramen ovale
What is the crista terminalis?
Structure which the musculi pectinati feeds into
What are the chodae tenineae ?
Attached to the cusps and help to keep the valves open
What are the trabeculae carneae ?
Wall of the ventricles
What is the cubital fossa ?
The elbow
What is the cephalic and basilic vein ?
the two veins in the arm, the cephalic vein on the lateral side and the basilic vein on the medial side
What are the two layer of elastic fibres in the muscular arteries?
IEL and OEL
What are the two nodes in the heart conduction system ?
SA and AV
What are some of the most important terminology ?
Musculi pectinati Fossa ovalis Foramen ovule Crista terminalis Chordae tenineae Trabueculae carneae Cubital fossa Cephalic and basili veins Median cubital IEL and OEL SA and AV node
What is the coronary sinus vs the coronary sulcus?
Coronary sinus is where the blood drains into the LA from the great coronary vein
Coronary sulcus is a groove through which a coronary vessel runs
What is an atrioventricular vs an interventricular sulcus ?
Atrio - Between atrium and ventricular
Inter - Between ventricular an ventricle
