Respiratory Flashcards
Distributes air
Exchanges gases
Filters air
Divided into upper and lower tracts
Respiratory System
Includes: Nose Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx
Upper Respiratory Tract
Includes:
Trachea
Segments of the bronchial tree
Lungs
Lower Respiratory Tract
Converts oxygen into energy
Cellular Respiration
External portion consists of a bony, cartilaginous frame covered by skin containing sebaceous glands
The 2 nasal bones meet and are surrounded by the frontal bone to form the root
Surrounded by the maxilla at its base.
Nose
Palatine bones separate the nasal and mouth cavities.
Nasal Cavity
Internal portion
Causes difficulty swallowing and speaking.
Sometimes the palatine bones fail to unite completely, resulting in this condition.
Cleft Palate
Separates the roof of the nose from the cranial cavity
Cribriform Plate
Has a rich blood supply
Separates the nasal cavity into right and left cavities
Septum
Name the 3 passageways of the nasal cavity:
Superior, Middle, Inferior Meatuses (Opening)
External openings to the nasal cavities
Open into the vestibule
Located just inside the nasal cavity; lined with skin
Anterior (External) Nares
Explain the sequence of airflow through the nose into the pharynx
Anterior nares to the vestibule to all 3 meatus simultaneously and then to the posterior nares
Air passes over, which contains a rich blood supply
Respiratory Mucosa
A special sensory membrane containing many olfactory nerve cells and a rich lymphatic plexus
Olfactory Epithelium
4 pairs of air-containing spaces open or drain into the nasal cavity
Each is lined with respiratory mucosa
Paranasal Sinuses
A tube like structure extending from the base of the skull to the esophagus
Pharynx
Name the 3 parts of the Pharynx
1 Nasopharynx
2 Oropharynx
3 Laryngopharynx
Where are the Pharyngeal tonsils located?
Nasopharynx
Enlarged Pharyngeal tonsils
Adenoids
Name the 2 pair of organs contained in the Oropharynx
1 Palatine tonsils
2 Lingual tonsils
Procedure when palatine tonsils are removed
Tonsillectomy
Serves as a pathway for the respiratory and digestive tracts
Pharynx
Positioned between the root of the tongue and the upper end of the trachea
Consists of cartilages attached to one another and surrounding structures by muscle
Lined with a ciliated respiratory mucosa
Larynx
Ciliated respiratory mucosa that forms 2 pairs of folds:
Vestibular folds (upper folds)-false vocal cords Vocal folds (lower folds)-true vocal cords
Cavity above the vestibular folds
Vestibule
Framework of the larynx is made up of how many cartilages?
Nine
3 largest cartilages of the Larynx:
Thyroid cartilage (largest)
Epiglottis
Cricoid cartilage
Single Laryngeal Cartilages
3 pairs of smaller cartilages:
Arytenoid (most important)
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Paired Laryngeal Cartilages
Insert and originate within the larynx
Important in controlling vocal fold length and tension
Open and close the glottis
Intrinsic (within same structure) Muscles
Insert in the larynx but originate on some other structure
Extrinsic (involves more than 1 structure) Muscles
Forms part of the airway to the lungs and protects that airway, produces the voice
Larynx
Both play important roles in respiration, vocalization and swallowing
Intrinsic Muscles
Extrinsic Muscles
Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
Wall is composed of adventitia (outer), smooth muscle and C-shaped cartilage rings (middle) and respiratory mucosa (inner)
The posterior wall contains many elastic fibers
Incomplete rings and posterior elasticity allow esophagus to expand during swallowing
Furnishes part of the open airway to the lungs
Trachea
How many primary bronchi’s does the lower end of the trachea divide into
Two (one on the right and one on the left)
Enter the lung and divide into secondary bronchi
Primary Bronchi
Branch into bronchioles and eventually divide into alveolar ducts and alveoli
Secondary Bronchi
Barrier across which gases are exchanged by alveolar air and blood
Respiratory Membrane
A component of the fluid coating the respiratory membrane that reduces surface tension
Surfactant
Distribute air to the interior of the lungs
23 levels of branching produce optimum ability for oxygen transfer to the blood
Bronchi and Alveoli
Accomplish gas exchange
Alveoli
Protective layer of mucus is a purification mechanism
Mucus Blanket
Can “taste” bitter toxins and respond by moving more rapidly in an effort to clear toxin molecules from the airway
Respiratory Cilia
Cone-shaped organs extending from the diaphragm to the clavicles
Lungs
Slit on the lung’s medial surface where the primary bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels enter
Hilum
The inferior surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm
Base
Pointed upper margin
Apex
Lies against the ribs
Costal Surface
Divided into 2 lobes : Superior and Inferior
Has 8 Bronchopulmonary segments
Left lung
Divided into 3 lobes : Superior, Middle & Inferior
Has 10 Bronchopulmonary segments
Right Lung
Covers the surface of the lungs
Visceral Pleura
Responsible for air distribution & gas exchange
Lungs
Separates the 3 divisions of the thoracic cavity
Pleura
The parts of the thoracic cavity occupied by the lungs
Pleural Divisions
The space between the lungs, occupied mainly by the esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels and heart
Mediastinum
Plays a major role in inspiration & expiration
Thorax
Any infection localized in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx & larynx)
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tonsillitis
Disorders of the Respiratory Tract
Nose Bleed
Epistaxis
Deviated Septum & Sleep Apnea
Anatomical Disorders
Acute Bronchitis, Pneumonia & Tuberculosis (TB)
Lower Respiratory Infections
Destroys vital gas exchange tissues & may spread to other areas
Surgery is most effective in localized areas
Lung Cancer
- part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them
- affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction
Glottis
- Arise from the secondary bronchi
- Get smaller & divide into primary bronchioles
- Each serves a specific bronchopulmonary segment
Tertiary Bronchi (Segmental Bronchi)
Any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides
Bronchioles
