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A&P > Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

To bring essential nutrients into the internal environment so that they are available to each cell of the body

A

Primary function of the Digestive System

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2
Q

(2) Mechanisms used to accomplish the primary function of the Digestive System

A

Ingestion

Digestion

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3
Q

Occurs when food is taken in

A

Ingestion

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4
Q

The breakdown of complex nutrients into simple nutrients

A

Digestion

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5
Q

Required to physically break down large chunks of food material & move food along the digestive tract

A

Motility of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Wall

Mechanism of Digestion

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6
Q

Facilitates chemical digestion

A

Secretion

Mechanism of Digestion

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7
Q

Movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa into the internal environment

A

Absorption

Mechanism of Digestion

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8
Q

Excretion of material that is not absorbed

A

Elimination

Mechanism of Digestion

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9
Q

Coordination of the various functions of the Digestive System

A

Regulation

Mechanism of Digestion

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10
Q
  • Begins in the mouth; Changes ingested food from large particles into minute particles, facilitating chemical digestion
  • Churns contents of the GI lumen to mix with digestive juices & ensure contact with the surface of the intestinal mucosa, facilitating absorption
  • Propels food along the alimentary tract, eliminating digestive waste from the body
A

Mechanical Digestion

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11
Q

Mouth to Oropharynx

Voluntarily controlled

A

Oral Stage

Deglutition

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12
Q

Oropharynx to Esophagus
Involuntary movement
Combination of contractions & gravity moves bolus into Esophagus

A

Pharyngeal Stage

Deglutition

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13
Q

Esophagus to Stomach

Involuntary movement

A

Esophageal Stage

Deglutition

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14
Q

In an alternating fashion ____ and ____ can occur together.

A

Peristalsis

Segmentation

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15
Q

Wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ

A

Peristalsis

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16
Q

Mixing movement

Digestive reflexes cause a forward & backward movement with a single segment of the GI tract

A

Segmentation

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17
Q
  • Food in the stomach is churned & mixed with gastric juices to form chyme
  • Chyme is ejected about every 20 seconds into the duodenum
  • Emptying the stomach takes 2 to 6 hours
A

Gastric Motility

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18
Q

Controlled by hormonal & nervous mechanisms

A

Gastric emptying

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19
Q
  • Mixes chyme with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, & intestinal mucosa
  • Peristalsis rate picks up as chyme approaches the end of the jejunum, moving it through the small intestine into the large intestine
  • After chyme leaves the stomach, it passes through the small intestine & takes approximately 5 hours
A

Intestinal Motility

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20
Q

Chemical changes result from

A

Hydrolysis

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21
Q
  • Operate in lumen of digestive tract, outside of any body cells
  • Specific in their action
  • Function optimally at a specific pH
A

Digestive enzymes : Extracellular organic (protein) catalysts
(Chemical Digestion)

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22
Q

Enzymes are continually being destroyed or eliminated from the body & must continually be synthesized

A

Properties of Digestive Enzymes

23
Q

Most digestive enzymes are synthesized as

A

Inactive Proenzymes

24
Q

We eat 6 main types of chemical substances :
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Mineral Salts & Water
ONLY THE 1ST 3 MUST BE CHEMICALLY DIGESTED TO BE ABSORBED

A

Properties of Digestive Enzymes

25
Q

Secreted by salivary glands

A

Saliva

Secretion

26
Q

Lubricates food with water & facilitates mixing

A

Mucus

Secretion

27
Q

An enzyme that begins digestion of starches

A

Amylase

Secretion

28
Q

Secreted by gastric glands

A

Gastric Juice

29
Q

A protease that begins the digestion of proteins

A

Pepsin

30
Q
  • Secreted by parietal cells

- Decreases the pH of chyme for activation & optimum function of pepsin

A

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

31
Q
  • Secreted by parietal cells

- Protects vitamin B12 & later facilitates its absorption

A

Intrinsic Factor

32
Q

Protect & facilitate mixing of chyme

A

Mucus & Water

33
Q

Secreted by acinar & duct cells of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic Juice

34
Q

Such as Trypsin & Chymotrypsin

Enzymes that digest proteins & polypeptides

A

Proteases

35
Q

Enzymes that digest emulsified fats

A

Lipases

36
Q

Enzymes that digest nucleic acids such as DNA & RNA

A

Nucleases

37
Q

An enzyme that digests starches

A

Amylase

38
Q
  • Only reflux mechanisms control the secretion of saliva
  • Chemical & mechanical stimuli come from the presence of food in the mouth
  • Olfactory & visual stimuli come from the smell & sight of food
A

Salivary Secretion

39
Q
  • Cephalic Phase
  • Gastric Phase
  • Intestinal Phase
A

Control of Gastric Secretion

40
Q

Stimulated by several hormones released by intestinal mucosa

A

Pancreatic Secretion

41
Q
  • Causes increased exocrine secretion from the pancreas
  • Opposes gastrin, thus inhibiting gastric HCl secretion
  • Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder so that bile is ejected into the duodenum
A

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

42
Q

Bile is secreted continually by the

A

Liver

43
Q

Little is known about how it is regulated

A

Intestinal secretion

44
Q

Most absorption occurs in the

A

Small intestine

45
Q

Passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph

A

Process

46
Q

Some substances, such as water, absorption occurs by simple diffusion or

A

Osmosis

47
Q

How sodium is transported

A

Secondary active transport

48
Q

How glucose is transported

A

Sodium cotransport (Coupled transport)

49
Q

Moves nutrient particles through cells

A

Transcellular Absorption

50
Q

Moves particles between cells

A

Paracellular Absorption

51
Q

Nutrients that are absorbed into the blood (such as monosaccharides & amino acids) first travel to the liver via

A

The Portal System

52
Q

Expulsion of feces from the digestive tract

A

Defecation

53
Q

Contents of the lower part of the colon & rectum move at a slower than normal rate

A

Constipation

54
Q

Result of increased motility of the small intestine, which causes decreased absorption of water & electrolytes & a watery stool

A

Diarrhea

A&P (6 decks)

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