Lower Digestive Tract

Question 1

Tube approximately 2.5cm in diameter & 6 m long

Has 3 divisions: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Answer 1

Small Intestine

Question 2

Uppermost division

Approximately 25 cm long

Answer 2

Duodenum

Question 3

Approximately 2.5m long

Answer 3

Jejunum

Question 4

Approximately 3.5m long

Answer 4

Ileum

Question 5

Intestinal lining has ??? with villi

Answer 5

Plicae

Wall of the Small Intestine

Question 6

Important modifications of the mucosal layer

Each 1 contains an arteriole, a venule & a lacteal vessel

Answer 6

Villi

Wall of the Small Intestine

Question 7

Increase the surface area of the small intestine hundreds of times, making the small intestine the main site of digestion & absorption

Answer 7

Villi & Microvilli

Wall of the Small Intestine

Question 8

Located between villi

Contain stem cells from which other cell types are produced

Answer 8

Crypts

Wall of the Small Intestine

Question 9

Average diameter is 6cm
Approximately 1.5 to 1.8m
3 divisions: Cecum, Colon, Rectum

Answer 9

Large Intestine

Question 10

Vertical position on the right side of the abdomen

Answer 10

Ascending Colon

Question 11

Passes horizontally across the abdomen, above the small intestine

Answer 11

Transverse Colon

Question 12

Vertical position on left side of the abdomen

Answer 12

Descending Colon

Question 13

Lower part of the curve joins the rectum

Answer 13

Sigmoid Colon

Question 14

• Last 7 or 8 inches of the intestinal tube

- Terminal inch is the anal canal

Answer 14

Rectum

Question 15

Opening of the anal canal (final 1 inch)

Answer 15

Anus

Question 16

• Intestinal mucous glands; they produce lubricating mucus that coats feces as they are formed
• Uneven distribution of fibers in the muscle layer

Answer 16

Wall of the large intestine

Question 17

• Accessory organ of digestive system
• 8 to 10 cm long
• Communicates with the cecum
• Reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria

Answer 17

Vermiform Appendix

Question 18

Large, continuous sheet of serous membrane

Answer 18

Peritoneum

Question 19

Covers many organs

Prevents friction

Answer 19

Visceral Peritoneum

Question 20

Lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 20

Parietal Peritoneum

Question 21

Projection of the parietal peritoneum

Answer 21

Mesentery

Question 22

• Largest gland in the body
• Weighs approximately 1.5kg (3-4lb)
• Lies under the diaphragm

Answer 22

Liver

Question 23

Forms about 1/6 of the liver

Answer 23

Left Lobe

Question 24

Forms about 5/6 of the liver

Answer 24

Right Lobe

Question 25

Anatomical units of the liver

Answer 25

Hepatic Lobules

Question 26

Small bile ducts form

Answer 26

Right & Left Hepatic Ducts

Question 27

Right & Left Hepatic ducts immediately join to form

Answer 27

One Hepatic Duct

Question 28

The Hepatic duct merges with the Cystic duct to form ________, which opens into the _________.

Answer 28

The common Bile Duct | Duodenum

Question 29

- Detoxification by liver cells | - Production of important plasma proteins

Answer 29

Functions of the Liver

Question 30

Liver cells secrete approximately 1 pint of bile per day

Answer 30

Bile Secretion

Question 31

Carries out numerous important steps in metabolizing proteins, fats & carbohydrates

Answer 31

Liver Metabolism

Question 32

- Pear shaped sac - 7 to 10cm long & 3cm wide at its broadest point - Lies on the undersurface of the liver - Can hold 30 to 50ml of bile

Answer 32

Gallbladder

Question 33

3 layers of the Gallbladder

Answer 33

1 Serous 2 Muscular 3 Mucosal

Question 34

- Storage of Bile - Concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold - Ejection of the concentrated bile into the Duodenum

Answer 34

Functions of the Gallbladder

Question 35

Yellow discoloration of the skin & mucosa, results when the flow of bile into the duodenum is obstructed

Answer 35

Jaundice | Disorder of the Gallbladder

Question 36

Often made of cholesterol & can form when bile becomes concentrated

Answer 36

Gallstones | Disorder of the Gallbladder

Question 37

- Grayish pink gland - 12 to 15cm long - Weighs approximately 60g (about 2 ounces)

Answer 37

Pancreas

Question 38

Tiny ducts unite to form the main pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum Makes up most of the Pancreas (98%)

Answer 38

Exocrine portion (of the Pancreas)

Question 39

Made up of alpha & beta cells, pass secretions into capillaries Constitutes only 2% of the total mass of the Pancreas

Answer 39

Endocrine portion (of the Pancreas)

Question 40

- Acinar units secrete digestive enzymes - Beta cells secrete insulin - Alpha cells secrete glucagon

Answer 40

Functions of the Pancreas

Question 41

- Diarrhea, Constipation, Malabsorption Syndrome - Diverticulitis, Diverticulosis, Colitis - Irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, Colorectal Cancer - Hemorrhoids, Proctitis, Anal Fissures

Answer 41

Disorders of the Intestines | Disorders of the Lower Digestive Tract

Question 42

General term referring to inflammation of the liver. | Characterized by jaundice, liver enlargement, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, gray-white feces & dark urine

Answer 42

Hepatitis | Disorders of the Liver and Pancreas

Question 43

Chronic alcohol abuse, malnutrition, infection, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease may lead to a degenerative liver condition

Answer 43

Cirrhosis | Disorders of the Liver and Pancreas

Question 44

Inflammation of the Pancreas | Can be caused by various factors

Answer 44

Pancreatitis | Disorders of the Liver and Pancreas

Question 45

Usually a form of adenocarcinoma | Claims the lives of nearly all its patients within 5 years after diagnosis

Answer 45

Pancreatic Cancer | Disorders of the Liver and Pancreas