Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Applied pathophysiology > Respiratory ✅ > Flashcards

Respiratory ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

how to diagnose a pleural effusion

A

chest xray

sample fluid through chest X-ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the symptoms of pleural effusion

A

shortness of breath
felling of fullness
chest pain
reduction of breath sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a pleural effusion

A

collection of fluid outside the lung- can occur on one or both sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the symptoms of pleurisy

A 
sharp 
serve 
knifelike pain 
usually one sided pain 
increases pain when taking in deep breaths
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain the pathophysiology of pleurisy

A

infection/ injury to the pleura

cause inflammation of the pleura

irritation of sensory fibres of parietal pleura

this causing rubbing of layers during inspiration

this causes a lot of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the pleura

A

membrane that covers the lungs

contains 2 layers visceral and parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is pleurisy

A

inflammation of both layer of the pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of atelectasis

A

fever
dyspnea
absence of breath sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the cause of atelectasis

A

excessive recreation of mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

explain pathophysiology of atelectasis

A

airway obstruction causes loos of prexsiting air in alveoli causing the alveolar to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is atelectasis

A

loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of the air space

this causes a shunt causing ventilation and perfusion miss match

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis

A

trachynoea
fever
increased levels of breathing- tracheal tug, intercostal resection
cyanosis and pale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain the pathophysiology of bronchiolitis

A

rsv virus is spread through airborne droplets or through direct contact

this begins with replication of the virus in the nasal pharynx

infection in lower respiratory begins 1-3 days later

spread to the bronchioles

the infection promotes an inflammation response and immune cells rush to the area

this causes increase mucuse prodcution from the goblet cells

this leads to small airway production and air trapping which increases airway resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the cellular changes in bronchiolitis

A

narrowing of the airway due to mucus recreation
cell wall thickening and smooth muscle contract

this inflammation can cause air to be trapped in the alveoli making I difficult to breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the cause of bronchiolitis

A

viral infection

RSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is bronchiolitis

A

inflammation of the bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a haemothorac

A

Haemothorax is when blood collects between the chest wall and the lungs. This area where blood can pool is known as the pleural cavity. The build-up of the volume of blood in this space can eventually cause the lung to collapse as the blood pushes on the outside of the lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the treatments to a haemothorax

A

chest drain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the complications for a haemothorax

A

Losing a lot of blood from this condition can cause the body to go into shock because of the lack of blood and oxygen being pumped throughout the body to your organs.
Shock caused by blood loss is called hypovolaemic shock. Going into hypovolaemic shock can cause long-term or permanent damage to organs, including the heart, lungs, and brain.
Blood getting into the chest cavity can infect fluid in the area around the lungs. This type of infection is known as empyema. An untreated empyema infection can lead to sepsis, which happens when inflammation occurs throughout the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how can you diagnose a haemothorax

A
  • CT scans
  • X-rays around broken bones near the chest or abdomen
  • If it is suspected that an underlying condition — such as cancer, TB, or EDS — is causing a haemothorax, they may recommend further blood or imaging tests to properly diagnose and treat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens to the airways if resistnace is low

A

Airway resistance is low if the airway is clear and open

air can pass easily along the airways to ventilate the alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens to the airways if resistnace is high

A

Airway resistance is high if the airway is constricted or blocked
air cannot easily pass
ventilation and gas exchange is reduced
effort of breathing may increase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the treatments to COPD

A

Oxygen supplement

Control of mucus secretions (physiotherapy)

Treatment of lung infection (antibiotics)

Control of airways obstruction (e.g. using bronchodilators, corticosteroids)

Treatment for pulmonary oedema (diuretics)

Reducing load on respiratory muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ways to prevent COPD

A

Stop smoking to prevent further damage
Smoking cessation is critical for all severities of COPD
Avoid exposures to
Second-hand smoke and
Other substances such as chemical vapors, fumes, mists, dusts, and diesel exhaust fumes that irritate lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ways to diagnose COPD

A

Spiromatary test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

explain the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis in terms of COPD

A

Damage to the cilia which become unable to move bacteria and foreign particles out of the lungs

Too much mucus production by goblet cells in airways
Bacteria become trapped in mucus and can cause respiratory infections.
Overgrowth of the smooth muscle cells in the bronchi restricts airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the causes of pleural effusion

A

Transudative- due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in blood vessels.
Fluid is then leaked into the pleural space.
Exudative- inflammation of pulmonary capillaries causing leakage into the pleural cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the risk factors of atelectasis

A

Older age
Any condition that makes it difficult to swallow
Confinement to bed with infrequent changes of position
Lung disease, such as asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis
Recent abdominal or chest surgery
Recent general anaesthesia
Weak breathing (respiratory) muscles due to muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury or another neuromuscular condition
Medications that may cause shallow breathing such as opiates.
Pain or injury that may make it painful to cough or cause shallow breathing, including stomach pain or rib fracture
Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is atelectasis

A

Also known asCollapsed lung
Atelectasis is a condition in which the airways and air sacs in the lung collapse or do not expand properly.
Atelectasiscan happen when there is an airway blockage, when pressure outside the lung keeps it from expanding, or when there is not enoughsurfactantfor the lung to expand normally. When your lungs do not fully expand and fill with air, they may not be able to deliver enough oxygen to your blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of emphysema

A

Dyspnea

  • Minimal cough
  • Increase minute ventilation to expel more CO2 from the lungs
  • Pink skin and pursed lip to extend the airway
  • Accessory muscle use
  • Cachexia (extreme weight loss and muscle wasting due to extra work in breathing)
  • Hyperinflation, barrel chest
  • Decreased breath sounds
  • Tachypnoea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the risk factors to emphysema

A

Smoking: Smoking of any kind encourages inflammation to the airway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what causes emphysema and how

A

Smoking causes inflammation and injury to the lung. As a result this stimulates the movement of inflammatory cells into the lung and these neutrophils release protease in attempt to reduced inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is emphysema

A

Emphysema is a condition under the umbrella term COPD which is inflammation of the bronchial wall, this is a breakdwon of elestic firbes

All this adds up to a mismatch of ventilation and perfusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

treatments for asbestosis

A

The main treatment is avoiding the dust or fumes causing the condition. There are no specific drug treatments. Oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation may help with your symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

signs and symptoms of asbestosis

A
  • shortness of breath
  • persistent cough
  • tiredness
  • difficulty breathing
  • chest pain
  • coughing up black phlegm (coal worker’s pneumoconiosis only)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

explain what happens in cystic fibrosis

A

cells cannot secreate chlorine irons as they are trapped inside the cell

therefor they don’t attack water to help thin out the mucus

this makes mucus abnormally thick and then it builds obstructing the organs

this leads damage overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the role of mucus

A

protects the winning of organs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

A

transports negatively charged chlorine irons

in gland that secretes mucus the chlorine ions which help to attract water- help to make mucus less viscous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

a condition that causes sticky mucus ti build up in the lungs and digestive system

40
Q

what is the causes of cystic fibrosis

A

a defect to chromosome 7 and a mutation to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

41
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A 
respiratory signs and symptoms 
•	A persistent cough that produces thick mucus (sputum)
•	Wheezing
•	Breathlessness
•	Exercise intolerance
•	Repeated lung infections
•	Inflamed nasal passages or a stuffy nose
Digestive signs and symptoms –
  • Foul-smelling, greasy stools
  • Poor weight gain and growth
  • Intestinal blockage, particularly
42
Q

what is extrinsic asthma

A

Extrinsic asthma develops in response to allergens, such as dust mites, pollen, and mold. It is the most common form of asthma.

43
Q

what are the two types of asthma

A

extrinsic

intrinsic

44
Q

what is intrinsic asthma

A

non allergic asthma

Has various types of stimuli target hyper-responsive tissues in the airways
o	Adulthood onset
o	Cigarette smoke
o	Exercise
o	Exposure to cold and dry air
o	Heat and humidity
o	Chemicals and fumes
o	Certain drugs (aspirin and NSAIDs)
o	Respiratory tract infections
o	Hormonal changes
o	Anxiety
o	Fragrances
45
Q

what symptoms does asthma display due to inflammation

A

this inflammation causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning.

46
Q

what is asthma

A

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways

47
Q

where are the t-helper cells found and what do they do

A

t-helper 1 is normally found in the lung

t-helper 2 not normally found in the lungs but are regulated in asthma

they prmote inflamation by increasing the mediated immunity

48
Q

explain the pathophysiology of extrinsic asthma

A

individual inhales an allergen

iGe cells (that are involved in inflammation and allergic response)

these IgE cells bind to a mast cell including a T-helper 2 cell

this realises white blood cells that contains histamine

this stimulates smooth muscles in the air way to cause bronchconstriction and vasodilation & increased primality of blood vessels

49
Q

what are the cellular affects of asthma

A

increased mucus production

increased goblet cells

50
Q

what are the two types of respiratory failure

A
  • Type 1: low levels of oxygen in the blood, this is known as Hypoxaemic Respiratory Failure unrelieved by O2 therapy
  • Type 2: low levels of oxygen in the blood plus an increase in the level of carbon dioxide, this is known as Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
51
Q

what is the start of respiratory failure

A

when ventilation and oxygenation upsets homeostasis

52
Q

where do airway and breathing problems originate from

A

inability of the lungs to either ventilate or oxygenate

53
Q

What is respiratory failure

A

Is a condition in which respiratory system fail in one or both of its gas exchange function due to dysfunction of one or more essential components of the respiratory system

54
Q

How long does it take for chronic respiratory failure take to develop

A

Several dates or longer

55
Q

What are the essential components of the respiratory system

A 
Chest wall
Airways 
Alveolar and capillary units 
Pulmonary circulation 
Cns ( brain stems) and nerves
56
Q

What are the two types of respiratory failure

A

Hypoxamic failure

Hypercapnic failure

57
Q

What is type one respiratory failure

A

Hypoxameic

58
Q

What is type two respiratory failure

A

Hypercapnic

59
Q

What is hypoxemic respiratory failure

A

Failure to oxygen exchange

Low oxygen levels and normal carbon dioxide levels

60
Q

What is hypercapnic failure

A

High levels of carbon dioxide , low levels of oxygen

61
Q

What are the common causes of hypoxemic

A

Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
Pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism

62
Q

What is the common causes of hypercapnic

A 
Severe asthma 
Copd 
Drug overdose 
Neuromuscular disease 
Chest wall abnormalities
63
Q

What is management of respiratory failure

A 
Oxygen supplement 
Control of mucus secretion (physiotherapist) 
Treating lung infections (antioboitics) 
Control of airway obstructions 
Treating pulmonary oedema
64
Q

What type of respiratory failure does not respond to oxygen therapy

A

Type one- hypoxemic

65
Q

What is the definition of ventilation

A

Volume of air which moves in and out of the mouth

66
Q

Give a definition of perfusion

A

Flow of blood through tissues

67
Q

What is a shunt

A

Under ventilation areas of the lungs can cause a shunt where venous blood returns to the heart without collecting its normal oxygen Gupta

68
Q

What can respiratory diseases be classed as

A

Shunt producing

69
Q

What is the common cause of pneumonia

A

Infection by bacteria or viruses

70
Q

What is the venous system

A

Blood that flows through the body and returns blood to the right side of the heart

71
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

Chronic inflammatory disease cause by the pathogenic bacterium

72
Q

Where is tuberculosis most common

A

Built up low income areas

Prisms

73
Q

Where does tuberculosis affect

A

Mainly affects the lungs

74
Q

How does transmission of tuberculosis occur

A

Through coughing infectious droplets and close contact with infectious cases

75
Q

What are the two types of tuberculosis

A

Latent tb - bacteria infect the body but doesn’t cause symptoms

Active tb- infection causes symptoms

76
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of tuberculosis

A

Individual inhaled mycrobacterium

Travels down the airways to the alveoli

Bacterium starts to multiply

Body goes into defence mode- starts inflammatory

Bacteria become engolfed

The immune system also attacks healthy cells ( this leads to a build up of fluid)

The live and dead bacteria accumulated and transform into fibrous mass

Eventually calcify and form scars

The build up will irritate the lungs

77
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis

A 
Persistant cough 
Increase shortness of breath 
Lack of appetite/ weight loss 
Night sweats 
Extreme fatique
78
Q

What’s a pulmonary embolism

A

An occlusion within the pulmonary arteries that obstructs blood flow to the lung tissues

79
Q

What is the usual Cause of a pulmonary embolism

A

Usually as a result of a blood clot that’s formed in part of the body

They travel through the Venus system and become stuck in the pulmonary artery

80
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of a pulmonary embolism

A

A blood clot travels and becomes stuck in the pulmonary artery

This causes the blood supply to become compromised caused infection and death of lung tissues (cells become starved of oxygen and nutrients)

The instruction causes a ventilation/ perfusion miss match (due to a segments of the lung receiving adequate ventilation but perfusion is absent)

The blood then starts to back up and arteries begin to engorge and rupture

This overal leads to pulmonary odema due to in not being able to emerge the vascular demands

81
Q

What are the cause of a pulmonary embolism

A

Throbis formed in the deep beings

Tumours where cells have broken of and embolised

Sickle cell disease

82
Q

What are the risk factors to a pulmonary embolism

A 
Abnormal clotting 
Pregnancy 
Smoking 
Sickle cell disease 
Surgery 
Truma 
IV drug uses 
Infection 
Immobile 
Heart failure
83
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism

A 
Sudden onset 
Increase resp rate 
Difficulty in breathing 
Tachycardia 
Coughing up blood 
Pin point pain
84
Q

What is inhalation

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract in a downwards and outwards motion expanding the thoracic cavity

85
Q

What is the pulmonary plura

A

Two layers of Cyris membrane surrounding the lung and attaching to the thoracic cavity

86
Q

What is exhalation

A

Passive process (no muscle contraction involved) the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax which increases intrathoracic pressure

87
Q

What is Industrial lung disease

A

Term for a group of lung diseases caused by breathing in specific dusts in your work place which gets lodged inside your lungs and causes scarring

88
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of asbestosis

A

Tiny absorbed fibres penetrate deep into the lungs (small airways and alveoli)

Macrophages attempt to digest asbestos fibres

Inflammatory factors are released

Fibrous tissues develop around the macrophages

Leads to long term inflation and scaring of the lungs

89
Q

What happens during a pneumothorax

A

Air can Enter and exit through the plural cavity during inhalation and exhalation

Due to damage of the visceral or parietal cavity

90
Q

Two different types of pneumothorax

A

Spontaneous: caused by a defect in the alveoli wall or visceral pleura due to airfield pockets just below the visceral pleura

Traumatic: traumatic injury to the thoracic cavity such as rib fractures or stab wounds

91
Q

What is an open pneumothorax

A

It is a penetrating thoracic injury

Open to the outside world

92
Q

What is a closed pneumothorax

A

An accumulation of air within the pleural space originating from respiratory tract
(Closed to the outside world)

93
Q

Pneumothorax

A

During inhalation, the opening will allow air to escape the lung and enter the pleural space

94
Q

What happens during pneumonia

A

Infection in the lung tissues —> this beings water into the lungs making it difficult to breath—> air sacks are filled with fluid—> breathe in air and microbes(cause infection)—> if successful it takes over the bronchioles and aveoli—>this multiplies and enters the lung tissues—>creates and inflammatory response and sends white blood cells,protein and fluids and red blood cells

95
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia

A

Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Fatigue
Fever

96
Q

What is COPD

A

Progressive chronic lung disease—>associated with inflammation of the lungs

Chronic bronchitis
Chronic inflammation of bronchi, excessive mucus production, cough and this leads to emphysema

97
Q

Causes of COPD

A 
Smoking 
Long term exposure to harmful
Gases 
Genetics 
Age 
History childhood respiratory condition

Applied pathophysiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions