Cardiovascular ✅ Flashcards
What is pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
What is the pericardium
The membrane that surrounds the heart
It’s a sad like tissue that covers the outer layer of the heart
What are the 3 levels of the pericardium
Visceral
Parieteal
Fibrous
Where is the pericardial cavity found
Between the voceral and pameital layer of the pericardium
What is a possible complication of pericarditis and how does it happen
Pericardial effusion
This is due to the pericardial cavity filling with extra fluid and put pressure if the cardiac muscle this prevents the heart chambers filling and preventing overall blood flow
What are the symptoms of the pericarditis
Fever Myalgia Chest pain Tripoid position Signs of right sided heart failure Oedema
What happens if the pericardium stays inflamed for a long period of time
Constrictive pericarditis- did find the pericardium becoming thicker and contracted round the heart this interfears with the function of the heart
What is endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart
What are the three layers of the heart wall called
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Explain the process of endocarditis
Damage occurs of the endocardium lining
This exposes the collagen and tissue factors
This cause platelets and fibrin to appear and lead to a blood clot
Then a microbial (infection) gets into the blood stream
The infection occasionally attaches itself to the clot (called a vegetation)
This infection forms a adhesions and a extra cellular mextrix around themselves
What are the risk factors for endocarditis
Prosthetic valves Congenital heart defect Reumatic heart doses Drug use (dirty needles )
Ways blood can entre the blood stream
Gums
Gut
Lungs
Where does endocarditis normally form
Near the valves due to the lower pressure making it easier for the bacteria to stick
What is the Venturi effect
Fluid pressure decreases as it goes through a narrow opening and valocity increase
What are the signs and symptoms of endocarditis
Fever Fatigue Weight loss Night sweats Bleeding under fingers Persistant cough Shortness of breath
How can endocarditis be diagnosed
Blood cultures- identify/detect bacteria
Chest X-ray
Ct scan
Echocardiogram
What is hypertension
Defunded as high blood pressure above 140/90
What are the signs and symptoms of hypertension
Dyspnoea
Headache
High blood pressure
Possible visual changes
What is blood pressure
Blood pressure is the product of cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance
What are the risk factors of hypertension
Obesity High alcohol intake Metabolic syndrome High sodium intake Diabetes Family history
What are the two types of hypertension
Primary (essential)
Secondary (due to a underlying reversible cause)
Explain the early stages of vascular change in hypertension
Plaque build up and thickening of the vessel wall
Explain the later stages of vascular change in hypertension
Even more plaque build up due to dysfunction of the endethelial vascular wall
And
Hypertrophie which leads to narrowing of the lujan and build up in vascular pressure
How can you diagnose hypertension
Ecg
Bloods
Urine analysis
What is hypotension
Usually occurs as a complication of other conditions
Low BP leads to inadequate blood supply to brain and vital organs
What is an abdominal anurysm
A ballooning that develops in the abdominal section of the aortia ( a permanent dilation of the wall of the aortia)
How big does the aortia have to be to be classed as an aneurysm
1.5 x bigger
Where is the most common site of an abdominal aneurysm
I’m the renal arteries that supply the kidneys
What are the complications to an abdominal aneurysm
They can rupture and blood can poor our the aorta and into the tissues reducing the amount of blood being pumped round the body
Thé develop clots that can form inside them call thromi
Can compromise neighbouring structures
Can be painful
How do aneurysm occur
Due to degenerate changes
Due to fatty diposits
Calsfication of the wall artery
Contestant high blood pressure
What changes happen in the aorta overtime thst may lead to an aneurysm
Become weak and firm, less able to deal with blood pressure waves
Why is aneurysm more common in the renal artiery
This is because the middle layer of the aorta, contains a lot of prolines like collagen which gives the aorta the ability to withstand pressure
As you go down the abominable cavity it reduces
What are the risk factors for an anurysm
Atherosclerosis ( degenerative changes) Smoking Hypertension COPD Male age Genetics
What is a myocarditis
Inflammation of the cardiac muscles which can be acute or chronic
What are the causes of a myocarditis
Virus (most common)
Bacterial
Fungal
what is congestive cardiac failure
damage or weakening to the heart muscles
Describe the process of a myocarditis
The virus binds to the virus receptors
The binding let’s entrence into intracellular fluid
The endosome realises the virus gentic material which interférâtes into the hosts DNA
This then entres the cells and gets into other cardiac muscles
This infection of circulatory blood cells degenerated muscles fibres due to aetiological agents
what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
heart walls are becoming thicker and preventing blood flow
what causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
long term high blood pressure or diabetes/ thyroid disease
what causes dilated cardiomyopathy
inherited or coronary heart disease
explain dilated cardiomyopathy
occurs when the heart muscles are too weak to pump effectively this leads to the muscles stretching and becoming thicker, this allows chambers of the heart to expand (known as an enlarged heart)
what are the treatment to right ventricular failure
lifestyle changes- quiet smoking, healthy weight and regular excersie
medication like beta blockers
what are the signs and symptoms of right ventricular failure
fluid build up in the abdomen abnormal heart sounds cyansoed skin liver swelling odema sudden weight gain fatique dizzness
what are the causes of right ventricular failure
secondary affect to the pulmonary hypertension due to LVF this cause the right side to work harder against the greater sysstolic pressure- leads to weaker muslces overtime
how is right ventricle failure presented
with swollen peripharels due to back load (odemea)
what is right ventricle failure
the muscles on the right ventricles are not pumping effectively
what are the right ventricles responsible for
pumping blood from the heart to your lungs where it is replenshied with blood
what are the causes of left ventricular failure
ischemic heart deases
cornoary artery disease (due to plaque build up)
long term hypertension (due to arterial pressure increase in the systemic circulation)
dilated cardiomyphathy
what is left ventricle failure
usually caused by systolic dysfuction due to damge of the myocardium leading to it ubale to contract as forcefully and pump blood effectively
what are the signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy
general weakness shortness of breath light heafness chest pain heart palapatations odema high blood pressure
what are the risk factors of cardiomyopathy
family hisotry conronar heart disease diabetes ]severe obesity sarcoilcosis hemochromatosis heart attack alcholism long term high blood pressure
what is restrictive cardiomyopathy
occurs when the ventricles stiffen and cant relax enough to fill up with blood
what is arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia
its fat and extra fibrous tissues that replace the muscles of right ventricles
what causes arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia
abnormal heart rhythm
what are the four types of cardiomyopathy
dilated cardiomyopathy
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia
restricitve cardiomyopathy
what is cardiomyopathy
diseases of the heart muscle tissues
what structural changes does the heart make in congestive cardiac failure
- attempt to increase stroke volume
- dilated cardio myopathy (walls of the ventricles become very thin due to trying to pump more blood leading to the heart becoming weaker)
- thickening of the ventricular wall (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy- walls are becoming thicker trying to pump more blood but this leads to the ventricles becoming stiffer)
- drops in cardiac output which affects the kidneys
what is congestive cardiac failure usually caused by
usually caused by clogged arteries (due to coronary arteires deases)
increased after load (long term hypertension)
What are the signs and symptoms of a myocarditis
Chest pain Palpitations Fever Fatigue Leg swelling Dyspnoea
What are the 4 layers of the heart
Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Describe the pericardium
Has two layers
It’s the protective sac around the heart
And contains pericadiual fluid which stops the sac rubbing against the heart
Describe the epicardium
Outer layer of the heart wall
Makes up the visceral layer of serous peridcardium
What is the myocardium
Middle layer, largest portion of the heart wall
Contains contractutile fibres
What is the endocardium
Inner most layer smooth muscle that lines the valves and inner chambers of the heart
What is systole
The period of ventricular contraction
What is diastole
Period of ventricular relaxation
What is stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricles in one contraction
What is cardiac output
Amout of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
Explain the electrics in the heart
Starts at the SA node
Travels down to the AV node
Passes through the bundle of his in the left and right bundle branches
Then Into the pukinjie fibres
Right and left atrium
Right and left ventricle
Left atrium takes blood from the lungs and then flows down to the left ventricle to where it’s pushed to the rest of the body
Right atrium gets blood from the rest of the body, that flows down to the right ventricle where the blood is sent to the lungs in order for gaseous exchange to happen
Repeated cycle
