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Applied pathophysiology > Cardiovascular ✅ > Flashcards

Cardiovascular ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What is pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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2
Q

What is the pericardium

A

The membrane that surrounds the heart

It’s a sad like tissue that covers the outer layer of the heart

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3
Q

What are the 3 levels of the pericardium

A

Visceral
Parieteal
Fibrous

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4
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity found

A

Between the voceral and pameital layer of the pericardium

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5
Q

What is a possible complication of pericarditis and how does it happen

A

Pericardial effusion

This is due to the pericardial cavity filling with extra fluid and put pressure if the cardiac muscle this prevents the heart chambers filling and preventing overall blood flow

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of the pericarditis

A 
Fever 
Myalgia 
Chest pain 
Tripoid position 
Signs of right sided heart failure 
Oedema
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7
Q

What happens if the pericardium stays inflamed for a long period of time

A

Constrictive pericarditis- did find the pericardium becoming thicker and contracted round the heart this interfears with the function of the heart

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8
Q

What is endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall called

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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10
Q

Explain the process of endocarditis

A

Damage occurs of the endocardium lining

This exposes the collagen and tissue factors

This cause platelets and fibrin to appear and lead to a blood clot

Then a microbial (infection) gets into the blood stream

The infection occasionally attaches itself to the clot (called a vegetation)

This infection forms a adhesions and a extra cellular mextrix around themselves

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for endocarditis

A 
Prosthetic valves 
Congenital heart defect 
Reumatic heart doses 
Drug use (dirty needles )
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12
Q

Ways blood can entre the blood stream

A

Gums
Gut
Lungs

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13
Q

Where does endocarditis normally form

A

Near the valves due to the lower pressure making it easier for the bacteria to stick

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14
Q

What is the Venturi effect

A

Fluid pressure decreases as it goes through a narrow opening and valocity increase

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15
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of endocarditis

A 
Fever 
Fatigue
Weight loss 
Night sweats 
Bleeding under fingers 
Persistant cough 
Shortness of breath
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16
Q

How can endocarditis be diagnosed

A

Blood cultures- identify/detect bacteria

Chest X-ray

Ct scan

Echocardiogram

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17
Q

What is hypertension

A

Defunded as high blood pressure above 140/90

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18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypertension

A

Dyspnoea
Headache
High blood pressure
Possible visual changes

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19
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Blood pressure is the product of cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance

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20
Q

What are the risk factors of hypertension

A 
Obesity 
High alcohol intake 
Metabolic syndrome 
High sodium intake 
Diabetes 
Family history
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21
Q

What are the two types of hypertension

A

Primary (essential)

Secondary (due to a underlying reversible cause)

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22
Q

Explain the early stages of vascular change in hypertension

A

Plaque build up and thickening of the vessel wall

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23
Q

Explain the later stages of vascular change in hypertension

A

Even more plaque build up due to dysfunction of the endethelial vascular wall

And

Hypertrophie which leads to narrowing of the lujan and build up in vascular pressure

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24
Q

How can you diagnose hypertension

A

Ecg
Bloods
Urine analysis

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25
Q

What is hypotension

A

Usually occurs as a complication of other conditions

Low BP leads to inadequate blood supply to brain and vital organs

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26
Q

What is an abdominal anurysm

A

A ballooning that develops in the abdominal section of the aortia ( a permanent dilation of the wall of the aortia)

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27
Q

How big does the aortia have to be to be classed as an aneurysm

A

1.5 x bigger

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28
Q

Where is the most common site of an abdominal aneurysm

A

I’m the renal arteries that supply the kidneys

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29
Q

What are the complications to an abdominal aneurysm

A

They can rupture and blood can poor our the aorta and into the tissues reducing the amount of blood being pumped round the body

Thé develop clots that can form inside them call thromi

Can compromise neighbouring structures

Can be painful

30
Q

How do aneurysm occur

A

Due to degenerate changes

Due to fatty diposits

Calsfication of the wall artery

Contestant high blood pressure

31
Q

What changes happen in the aorta overtime thst may lead to an aneurysm

A

Become weak and firm, less able to deal with blood pressure waves

32
Q

Why is aneurysm more common in the renal artiery

A

This is because the middle layer of the aorta, contains a lot of prolines like collagen which gives the aorta the ability to withstand pressure

As you go down the abominable cavity it reduces

33
Q

What are the risk factors for an anurysm

A 
Atherosclerosis ( degenerative changes) 
Smoking 
Hypertension 
COPD
Male age 
Genetics
34
Q

What is a myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the cardiac muscles which can be acute or chronic

35
Q

What are the causes of a myocarditis

A

Virus (most common)
Bacterial
Fungal

36
Q

what is congestive cardiac failure

A

damage or weakening to the heart muscles

37
Q

Describe the process of a myocarditis

A

The virus binds to the virus receptors

The binding let’s entrence into intracellular fluid

The endosome realises the virus gentic material which interférâtes into the hosts DNA

This then entres the cells and gets into other cardiac muscles

This infection of circulatory blood cells degenerated muscles fibres due to aetiological agents

38
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

heart walls are becoming thicker and preventing blood flow

39
Q

what causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

long term high blood pressure or diabetes/ thyroid disease

40
Q

what causes dilated cardiomyopathy

A

inherited or coronary heart disease

41
Q

explain dilated cardiomyopathy

A

occurs when the heart muscles are too weak to pump effectively this leads to the muscles stretching and becoming thicker, this allows chambers of the heart to expand (known as an enlarged heart)

42
Q

what are the treatment to right ventricular failure

A

lifestyle changes- quiet smoking, healthy weight and regular excersie

medication like beta blockers

43
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of right ventricular failure

A 
fluid build up in the abdomen 
abnormal heart sounds 
cyansoed skin 
liver swelling 
odema 
sudden weight gain 
fatique 
dizzness
44
Q

what are the causes of right ventricular failure

A

secondary affect to the pulmonary hypertension due to LVF this cause the right side to work harder against the greater sysstolic pressure- leads to weaker muslces overtime

45
Q

how is right ventricle failure presented

A

with swollen peripharels due to back load (odemea)

46
Q

what is right ventricle failure

A

the muscles on the right ventricles are not pumping effectively

47
Q

what are the right ventricles responsible for

A

pumping blood from the heart to your lungs where it is replenshied with blood

48
Q

what are the causes of left ventricular failure

A

ischemic heart deases
cornoary artery disease (due to plaque build up)
long term hypertension (due to arterial pressure increase in the systemic circulation)
dilated cardiomyphathy

49
Q

what is left ventricle failure

A

usually caused by systolic dysfuction due to damge of the myocardium leading to it ubale to contract as forcefully and pump blood effectively

50
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy

A 
general weakness 
shortness of breath 
light heafness
chest pain 
heart palapatations 
odema 
high blood pressure
51
Q

what are the risk factors of cardiomyopathy

A 
family hisotry 
conronar heart disease 
diabetes ]severe obesity 
sarcoilcosis 
hemochromatosis 
heart attack 
alcholism 
long term high blood pressure
52
Q

what is restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

occurs when the ventricles stiffen and cant relax enough to fill up with blood

53
Q

what is arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia

A

its fat and extra fibrous tissues that replace the muscles of right ventricles

54
Q

what causes arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia

A

abnormal heart rhythm

55
Q

what are the four types of cardiomyopathy

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia

restricitve cardiomyopathy

56
Q

what is cardiomyopathy

A

diseases of the heart muscle tissues

57
Q

what structural changes does the heart make in congestive cardiac failure

A
  • attempt to increase stroke volume
  • dilated cardio myopathy (walls of the ventricles become very thin due to trying to pump more blood leading to the heart becoming weaker)
  • thickening of the ventricular wall (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy- walls are becoming thicker trying to pump more blood but this leads to the ventricles becoming stiffer)
  • drops in cardiac output which affects the kidneys
58
Q

what is congestive cardiac failure usually caused by

A

usually caused by clogged arteries (due to coronary arteires deases)

increased after load (long term hypertension)

59
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a myocarditis

A 
Chest pain 
Palpitations 
Fever 
Fatigue 
Leg swelling 
Dyspnoea
60
Q

What are the 4 layers of the heart

A

Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

61
Q

Describe the pericardium

A

Has two layers
It’s the protective sac around the heart
And contains pericadiual fluid which stops the sac rubbing against the heart

62
Q

Describe the epicardium

A

Outer layer of the heart wall

Makes up the visceral layer of serous peridcardium

63
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Middle layer, largest portion of the heart wall

Contains contractutile fibres

64
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Inner most layer smooth muscle that lines the valves and inner chambers of the heart

65
Q

What is systole

A

The period of ventricular contraction

66
Q

What is diastole

A

Period of ventricular relaxation

67
Q

What is stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricles in one contraction

68
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Amout of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

69
Q

Explain the electrics in the heart

A

Starts at the SA node

Travels down to the AV node

Passes through the bundle of his in the left and right bundle branches

Then Into the pukinjie fibres

70
Q

Right and left atrium

Right and left ventricle

A

Left atrium takes blood from the lungs and then flows down to the left ventricle to where it’s pushed to the rest of the body

Right atrium gets blood from the rest of the body, that flows down to the right ventricle where the blood is sent to the lungs in order for gaseous exchange to happen

Repeated cycle

Applied pathophysiology (8 decks)

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