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Applied pathophysiology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the BP equation

A

(heart rate x stroke volume) x systemic vascular resistance

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2
Q

what is the heart rate

A

beats per minute

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3
Q

what is the stroke volume

A

volume of blood leaking to the left ventricle per beat

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4
Q

what is the systemic vascular resistance

A

‘ease’ of blood flow through systemic blood vessels

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5
Q

give a definition of shock

A

a life threatning generalised form of acute circultory failure associated with inadequate oxygen utilization by the cells

bascially a loss of perfusion

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6
Q

what are the main themes that shock causes to the body

A

insufficent oxygen supply
hypoxia
cellular dysfucntion (this kills people)

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7
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without oxygen

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8
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration with oxygen

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9
Q

where does respiration occurs

A

in the mitochondria- every cell prodcuces ATP

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10
Q

whats the respiration equation

A

fuel + oxygen = ATP + carbon dioxide + h2o

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11
Q

explain why their is a drop in oxygen when an invidual is in shock

A

reduced aerobic respiration
switched to anaerobic respiration
this slows down the rate of ATP produced due to reduce oxygen
leads to an increase in lactcate
increase in lactice acid leads to reduce blood ph
leading to body stimulate fater and deeper breathing

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12
Q

what type of respiration produces the most pH

A

aerobic

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13
Q

what are the 5 types of shock

A 
hypovolomic 
cardiogenic 
neurgoenic 
anaphylactic
septic
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14
Q

what are the 4 stages of shock

A

initial shock
compemsation
progressive shock
refactroy shock

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15
Q

what is negative feedback

A

control mechanism as a way of maintaining homeonstasis

ways of maintiaing an internal enviornment

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16
Q

describe the intial stage of shock

A

no outward clinical signs
cells begin to be staved of oxygen and reduce the production of ATP by switiching to anaerobic metabolism which leads to lactic being produced

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17
Q

how can you intically detect the compensation stage of shock

A

reduced perfussion

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18
Q

what are the outward clinical signs of shock on the respiratroy system

A

increased resp rate
changes in pattern
accessory muscles

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19
Q

what are the outward clinical signs of shock on the cardiovascular system

A

tachycardia (increased heart rate to increase cardiac output to restor perfusion)
drop in bp

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20
Q

what are the outward clinical signs of shock on the renal system

A

reduced urine output

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21
Q

what are the outward clinical signs of shock on the skin

A

become pale

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22
Q

what is hypovolaemic shock

A

low blood volume
reduction in circulotry volume due to low cardiac output

BLOOD LOSS

bascially loss of stroke volume- not enough blood returning to the heart, less being able to pump round the body

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23
Q

what is cardiogenic shock

A

failure of heart as a pump

loss of cardiac output

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24
Q

what is distrubutive shock

A

inadequate tissue perfusion due to-

lack of normall responsivness of blood vessels to vasoconstritve agents

basically loss of the ablity to control the changes in diameter

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25
Q

describe septic shock

A

widespread inflammatory response

massive vasodialtion which increases capllilary permeablity- decreases systemuc vascular resislance

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26
Q

describe anaphylactic shock

A

overactivation of immune response

so their is massive relax of histamine from most cells this increased prostaglandia realses

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27
Q

what is neurogenic shock

A

loss of sympathetic activity

for example- spinal cord injury

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28
Q

what is a baroreceptors

A

sensing the levles of perfusion by detect levles of stretch on the vascualr walls

29
Q

explain how shock causes cardiovascualr compensation

A

barorecpetors respond to stretch of arterial walls

decrease in LV output results in decreased activation of baroreceptrors this leads to a weak pulse

30
Q

what are te clinical observation for cardiovascualar changes in shock during the compesnation stage

A

no changes in bp- its being compensated
effects of activated sympathetic nervous system
increased heart rate (tachycardia)
pale, cool clammy skin (vasoconstriction)
decreased pulse pressure

31
Q

what is the auto regulation of glomenular filtertion

A

how much blood is filtered

this is dependant on pressure

32
Q

what leads to activation of coagulation

A

damge to the capillary endothelum caused by pathogens and inflammatory mediators

this leads to micro tromi (clotted blood)

these can obstruct the capillaries and comprimse the blood supply and lead to death of the bodies tissues

33
Q

what is absolute hypovolaemia

A

blood vessesl become leaky and fluid leaves cardiovascular system droping stroke volume

34
Q

what is relative hypovolaemia

A

blood changes location in circulatroy system

35
Q

what are the 3 stages to inflammation

A

vasodialtion- caused by inflammation mediators

increased vascular permeablitiy- leads to leaky cappilaries with intravascular volume leaking into extravascular space

increased oxygen deman from the cells

36
Q

what is inflammation

A

a protective response to elemnate the cause of injury and any recrotic tissues present as a result of the injury

37
Q

what are lymphoocytes cells

A

are parts of the adaptive immune system

38
Q

what are phayocytosis cells

A

cells that eat bacteria like pac man

39
Q

what is the complement system

A

the ability of antibodies to clear microbes and damge cells from an organsim- they attack the pathogen cells

40
Q

what is the adaptive immune system

A

this is adapted through stuff you have been exposed to

41
Q

what is the innate immune system

A

the immune system your born with

42
Q

what causes pathophysiology sepsis

A

overstimulation of the immune system which priamaly involves the innate immune system (the first line of defence)

43
Q

explain the proccess of bacterial sepsis

A

bacteria infection starts

this leads to inflamation and an inflammatroy cell response that prodcues pro-inflammatory mediators

this causes sepsis due to a loss of homeostasis

44
Q

what is bacterial sepsis

A

caused by a widespread variety of bacterial mechansisms

45
Q

what type of bacteria is more resisitant to bacteria

A

gram negative

46
Q

explain what gram positive is

A

bacteria that has a cell wall comprisisng mainly of peptidoglycan

47
Q

expalin what gram negatiive bacteria is

A

bacteria that has a thin layer of peptidoglycan sandwhcih between two memebranes

48
Q

what is the classifaction of bacteria

A

the strucutre of the cell wall that can determine the type of antibacteral drug use

it can be classifed as gram postive and gram negatvie

49
Q

give the definition of sepsis

A

sepsis is a a life threatning conditon that arises when the bodys response to an infection injuries its own tissues

this is due to a dysregualted host response

50
Q

explain what happens in refractory shock

A

widespread cells death
shock CANNOT be reversed
death is immunite

51
Q

explain what happens to the body during proggressive shock

A

compensatory mechanisms begin to fail
perfusion begins to fail
metabloci acidosis is present
start to become deprivation in brain leads to confusion
mutliple organ failure leads to organ damge

52
Q

expalin the effects of shock on gas exchange

A

gas exachnage requires suffiecient ventalation and perfusion
shock reduces perfusion which leafs to hypoxia and hypocapnia

53
Q

explain vasoconstriction

A

is the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls.

54
Q

explain vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel’s muscular walls.

55
Q

how does the bp increase the glomerular filteration rate

A

vasodilation of afferent arterioles

56
Q

how does the blood pressure reduce the glomenualr fileration rate

A

vasocnstriction of afferent aterioles

57
Q

what happens to the renal compensation mechanism during shock

A

its shuts it off reducing the amout you urinate due to the need to maintain blood flow to heart, brain and muscles

58
Q

whats the role of the immune system

A 
recognise and neutralise pathagones 
kills infected cells 
responds to 'dange' signals 
removes dead cells 
contributes to wound healing
59
Q

what causes a fluctition in the autoregulation mechanism of the glomenualr filteration

A

the BP, this stimulated the regualtion mechanism that keeps it stable

60
Q

what cells are responsable for inflamation

A

mast cells- they find a pathagen and resell a signal in histamine molecules

61
Q

what is mucus and where can it be found

A

mucus lines all our organs and it aims to trap pathagens

62
Q

what is the innate immune response

A

first natural defence

doesn’t differentiate between pathogens aims to kill them

63
Q

what are the two types of immune response

A

adaptive

innate

64
Q

what are the two main commonents of the adaptive immune responsne

A

t-lymphocytes (t-helper cells)

b-lymphocytes

65
Q

what is the adaptive immune

A

can differentiate between different types of pathogens

66
Q

what does the immune system do?

A 
Recognise and neutralise pathogens
Recognise and kill infected cells
Respond to ‘danger’ signals 
Surveillance and removal of transformed (pre-cancerous or cancerous cells)
Removes dead cells
Contributes to wound healing
67
Q

what are the tissues and organs involved in the immune system

A 
Tonsils & adenoids
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Peyer’s patches
Appendix
Lymphatic vessels
Bone marrow
68
Q

What is an antigen

A

Bacterial
Fungal
Viral
Chemical

69
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The process that macrophages use to destroy pathogens

Applied pathophysiology (8 decks)

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