Respiratory

Question 1

What is the most important control variable for the respiratory system?

Answer 1

CO2

Question 2

Dalton’s Law

Answer 2

the pressure exerted by each gas is independent of pressure exerted by other gases. This is because the gases are so far apart from one another

Question 3

Individual pressures in the total pressure are called?

Answer 3

Partial pressures

Question 4

Henry’s Law

Answer 4

in equilibrium the mass of gas dissolved in water is proportional to partial pressure of the gas

Question 5

Diaphragm

Answer 5

Skeletal (voluntary) muscle. Lungs are attached. When breath, diaphragm muscle flexes and fresh air flows into lungs

Question 6

What is driving the process of expiration?

Answer 6

Lung elastic recoil (like a balloon). Passive process.

Question 7

Emphysema

Answer 7

Lungs loose recoil-therefore lungs stay permanently inflated resulting in a barrel chest.

Question 8

What connects lungs to the walls of the thorax?

Answer 8

Suction-created via an airtight bag called the pleura. Lungs are connected to one side and the thorax to the other.

Question 9

What happens when the lung recoils and the chest expands?

Answer 9

Pneumothorax

Question 10

What is a tension pneumothorax?

Answer 10

When the lung recoils and air enters into the pleural space-pushing against the other organs in the thorax (i.e. heart and lungs)

Question 11

How many times does the bronchus split and why?

Answer 11

25 times

Enormous cross-section for easy gas movement to 300 million alveoli

Question 12

What condition causes the bronchi diameter to be reduced and inflammed?

Answer 12

Asthma

Question 13

How does albuterol work?

Answer 13

It relaxes smooth muscle on the bronchi

Question 14

What causes bronchitis?

Answer 14

Bronchi lumen are filled with mucus

Question 15

Genetic disease that is associated with continuous bronchial thick secretions?

Answer 15

Cystic fibrosis

Question 16

What is the diameter of the aveolus?

Answer 16

0.3mm

Question 17

What is the total exchange gas surface area of the aveolus?

Answer 17

75 m2-large area to facilitate gas exchange

Question 18

What happens if alveoli get occupied by bacteria (i.e. phlegm)

Answer 18

Pneumonia

Question 19

How is oxygen carried in the blood (use 1 L oxygenate arterial blood)?

Answer 19

3 mL of O2 is physically dissolved (1%)

197 mL of O2 is bound to Hb (99%)

Question 20

How is pressure produced?

Answer 20

Pressure produced by molecules hitting the walls of a chamber:

Question 21

Partial pressure of O2, N2, CO2 for air (760 mmHg)

Answer 21

P02 / Ptotal = 100% · 160/760 = 21%
PN2 / Ptotal = 100% · 600/760 = 79%
PCO2 = 0.3 mm Hg
PCO2 / Ptotal =100% · 0.3/760= 0.04%

Question 22

The solubility of CO2 is ___x greater than the solubility of O2

Answer 22

20 x

Question 23

Positive cooperativity

Answer 23

As one subunit on a hemoglobin releases an O2 molecule it changes its conformational shape. This change in shape reduces other subunits affinity to O2

Question 24

Issues with Carbon Monoxide and hemoglobin

Answer 24

Carbon monoxide binds 240 times tighter to hemoglobin than O2. Therefore, CO displaces the O2

Question 25

Describe a hemoglobin

Answer 25

Molecule of Iron (Fe) in the center that O2 attaches to

4 subunits that are sites for O2-two alpha and two beta

Question 26

Describe acceptable parameters for controlled variables in the respiratory feedback loop

Answer 26

CO2=40 mmHg
O2=100 mmHg
H+= 24PCO2/[HCO3-] (in nM)

Question 27

Functions of the respiratory system

Answer 27

Regulates blood ph (H+)
O2 exchange
CO2 exchange
Speech sounds
defends against microbes
traps and dissolves blood clots

Question 28

For inspiration-diaphragm is stimulated by motor nerves in the ____.

Answer 28

Phrenic nerve

Question 29

Expiration is a ____ process

Answer 29

Passive

Question 30

Respiratory sensors:

Answer 30

Two sets of chemoreceptors:

1. Central-respiratory centers in the medulla
2. Peripheral-baroreceptors-sinuses of the carotid arteries and aortic arch

Question 31

Purpose of myoglobin?

Answer 31

Has a higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin. O2 will jump. from hemoglobin to myoglobin. Allows for O2 to enter the tissue

Question 32

What does DPG do?

Answer 32

More O2 goes into the tissue-better performance. Lance Armstrong did this.

Question 33

Conclusions: In exercising muscle:

Answer 33

(1) more blood is flowing through tissue capillaries (pre-capillary sphincters opening up)
(2) each RBC gives up more O2 molecule

Question 34

CO2 to bicarbonate

Answer 34

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Question 35

___% of CO2 is dissolved in blood plasma

Answer 35

10