Brain

Question 1

What are the lobes of the brain?

Answer 1

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

Question 2

What part of the brain is responsible for building and fine tuning models of movement?

Answer 2

Cerebellum

Question 3

What part of the brain has the most neurons and how many does it have?

Answer 3

The cerebellum

69 billion

Question 4

Role of the frontal lobe

Answer 4

controls the timing of neuronal firing, schedules movement routines and thoughts in time

Question 5

Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes are all:

Answer 5

sensory, store encoded sensory memories

Question 6

____lobe is the sense of vision. The ____ lobe performs an an analysis of visual information of where an object is in space. The ___ lobe performs an analysis of information of what an object is

Answer 6

Occipital
Parietal
Temporal

Question 7

Lobe associated with the sense of hearing

Answer 7

Temporal lobe

Question 8

Function of the motor cortex

Answer 8

controls muscle movement. Stimulation of the primary motor cortex neurons results in muscle contraction

Question 9

Function of the thalamus

Answer 9

The relay station of the brain

Question 10

Function of the amygdala

Answer 10

located within the medial temporal lobe, it acts as a kind of alarm bell. Anytime it detects something important to an organism’s survival, be it a predator, or a tasty sandwich, it is activated. Decides whether or not to activate the sympathetic nervous system. In the brain of cocaine addicts, the amygdala is activated immediately when images of lines of white powder are shown to them.

Question 11

Function of the hypothalamus

Answer 11

controls homeostatic functions such as regulation of body temperature, hunger, parenting, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles

Question 12

Hippocampus

Answer 12

conversion of sensory input to long-term memory (located deep inside the temporal lobe, not included in neocortex).

Question 13

Brain stem

Answer 13

structurally continuous with the spinal cord; includes the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain; Brainstem regulates many basic functions: alertness, cardiac, respiratory, sleep cycle

Question 14

Somatosensory cortex

Answer 14

sensory receptive area for the sense of touch (somatotopic representation of the different body parts - sensory homunculus).

Question 15

The ganglia for the parasympathetic nervous system lie where?

Answer 15

Close to the organ

Question 16

The gangila for the sympathetic nervous system lie where?

Answer 16

Close to the spinal cord

Question 17

The neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 17

acetylcholine

Question 18

The neurotransmitter associated with the sympathetic nervous system are?

Answer 18

The neurotransmitter for the pre-ganglionic neuron is acetylcholine. The neurotransmitter for the post ganglionic neuron is nor-epinephrine

Question 19

What is the main function of sleep?

Answer 19

The main function is to clean up the brain during slow wave sleep. Waste products include misfolded proteins. Waste products of brain metabolism go into the interstitial space, wash into the veins and then into the liver.

Question 20

Is the flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain tissue increased or decreased during sleep? What phase of sleep?

Answer 20

The flow of CSF increases 20 fold in the interstitial space during slow wave sleep
In waking, CSF flow is restricted to the brain surface—but expands deep into the tissue during slow-wave sleep.

Question 21

Sleep and memory?

Answer 21

Sleep is good for memory consolidation (conversion of memory into permanent memory).
Memory improvement is most dramatic for procedural memory (riding a bike, skating, playing the piano).

Question 22

Melatonin

Answer 22

a hormone that anticipates the daily onset of darkness
Photosensitive cells in the retina detect light and indirectly send signal into the pineal gland that produces melatonin.

Question 23

What phase of sleep is characterized by muscle paralysis?

Answer 23

REM

Question 24

Neuropeptide ____ is the ultimate flip flop switch between sleep and wakefulness. It is a neurotransmitter released by the_____. ___-producing cells integrate metabolic, circadian and sleep debt influences to determine whether an individual should be asleep or awake

Answer 24

Orexin
Hypothalamus
Orexin

Question 25

Caffeine is a competitive inhibitor of ____.

Answer 25

Adenosine

Question 26

Adenosine

Answer 26

Local control of alertness level

Question 27

What causes one to fall asleep?

Answer 27

Brain nuclei – E.g. Reticular formation
Circulating hormones – . E.g. melatonin
Accumulation of Adenosine
Conclusion: all of the above with Orexin acting as flip flop switch

Question 28

What is the circadian rhythm? How long is it in most people?

Answer 28

Autonomous rhythm of a subject. Is 25.3 hours for most people