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Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Most mammals are warm-blooded or_____. Reptilians and fish are ____.

A

Endotherms

Ectotherms

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2
Q

Normal internal body temperature range

A

36.1-37.6 C

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3
Q

What is released when you burn glucose?

A

Heat+CO2+H20

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4
Q

Hydrocarbon bonds store energy where?

A

C-C, C-O and C-H Covalent Bonds

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5
Q

How is energy released from hydrocarbons?

A

When C-C, C-O and C-H covalent bonds are broken, energy is released

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6
Q

Where does heat production occur in your body?

A

In every cell: in muscles, neurons, gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin,… Blood equilibrates the heat throughout the body (just like water in a radiator)

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7
Q

How is CO2 expelled from your body?

A

Lungs

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8
Q

How is H20 expelled from the body?

A

Via the kidney into urine

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9
Q

One’s hypothalamus can be reset during an infection via ____?

A

endogenous pyrogens

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10
Q

endogenous pyrogens

A

cytokines produced by immune cells; major endogenous pyrogens are interleukin 1 and interleukin 6

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11
Q

Heat loss mechanisms

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation

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12
Q

Responses when it is cold?

A 
Increase in SNS activity
Vasoconstriction of the skin
Shivering
Release of epinephrine 
Dawning more clothes
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13
Q

Countercurrent exhange?

A

Heat is transferred from arteries (containing warm blood) to veins (containing cool blood)

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14
Q

Responses when it is too hot?

A

SNS activity
Vasodilation of the skin
SNS activity to sweat glands

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15
Q

Describe the feedback control loop for temperature

A

maintaining core temperature at 37C->sensors in the hypothalamus->heat production/heat loss/behavioral responses

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16
Q

Feedback loop for arterial blood pressure

A

Pa (BP)->sensors in the carotid arteries and aorta->cardiac output and vasoconstriction

17
Q

Feedback look for respiratory

A

CO2/H20/H+->central sensors in the medulla and peripheral sensors in carotid arteries and aorta->lung ventilation

18
Q

Normal amount of CO2 in blood

A

40 mmHg

19
Q

Symptoms of CO2 poisoning:

A 
Dimmed sight
Reduced hearing
Drowsiness
Mild narcosis
Dizziness
Confusion
Headache
Unconsciousness
Sweating
Shortness of breath
tremor
Increased HR and BP
20
Q

Feedback control loop for glucose

A

Blood glucose->alpha and beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in pancreas->Liver and muscles glycogenglucose

21
Q

Severe issue that occurs with hypokalemia or hyperkalema?

A

Abnormal heart rhythm

22
Q

Feedback control for K (potassium) or Ca+ (calcium)

A

K or Ca+->sensors in the kidney->kidney

23
Q

Severe side effects of low calcium

A

Rickets which can lead to Osteomalacia

24
Q

Vitamin D and calcium

A

Is responsible for enhancing absorption of calcium

25
Q

How can you avoid vitamin D deficiency?

A

Spend at least 10 minutes a day in the sun

26
Q

What does blood transport?

A 
nutrients
oxygen
waste products
heat
immune system cells
27
Q

Name two blood disorder

A

Spherocytosis

Sickle cell

28
Q

All cells have millions of uniquely shaped molecules (____) on the surface of their membrane. Immune system evolved special proteins, called ____, to bind very selectively to those uniquely shaped molecules
Therefore, we call these uniquely shaped molecules: ___ (antibody generators)

A

glycoproteins
antibodies
antigens

29
Q

Roles of antibodies:

A
  1. They mark bacteria and other intruders for destruction by macrophages
  2. In the environment where bacteria reproduce fast, antibodies clamp bacteria together, the process called agglutination (from “glue”) = clumping of particles together.
30
Q

The only way a person is exposed to Rh (Rhesus) antigen is:

A

when a Rh- mother is giving a birth to Rh+ child.

31
Q

Rhesus is a type of ____

A

Antigen

32
Q

How can an Rh- mother who received the Rh antibodies from previous child impact her next fetus?

A

Anti-Rh antibodies are present in the mother and cross over the placenta in the next pregnancy. Then RBC’s of fetus are agglutinated which leads to hemolytic disease that causes a lot of bilirubin crystals to accumulate in the brain leading to brain damage

33
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

Bacteria constantly remodel their peptidoglycan cell walls, simultaneously building and breaking down portions of the cell wall as they grow and divide.
Penicillin inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall
Bacteria that attempt to grow and divide in the presence of penicillin fail to do so, and instead end up shedding their cell walls.

34
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Fleming

35
Q

Why would a person who is severely cold lose their pulse?

A

Action potentials do not work when it is really cold

Physiology (8 decks)

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