Respiratory Flashcards
MOA of Cromolyn
Prevent mast cell degranulation
MOA of Theophylline
(methyxanthine) inhibits phosphodiesterase
MOA of inhaled corticosteroids
blocks nuclear transcription of inflammatory agents via NF-kB
MOA of Zileuton
Reduce synthesis of leukotriene
MOA of Montelukast
Blocks leukotriene receptor (best for aspirin induced, exercise induced)
What are the 4 phases of natural history of lobar pneumonia? What are key events for each phase?
Phase 1: congestion (leakage, RBC + proteinaceous fluid) = 1-3 day
Phase 2: red hepaticize (RBC + fibrin + neutrophils, proteinaceous fluid become fibrin) = 3-5 day
Phase 3: white hepaticise (no RBC liao, neutrophils become macrophage) = 5-7 day
Phase 4: macrophage secretes digestive enzymes = 1 week later
What infection can colonize at preexisting lung cavity? What are the conditions that can cause such cavity?
Features of that microorganism?
Aspergillus fumigatus
Sarcoidosis, TB, emphysema
hyphae septate branch at 45 deg acute angle
Formula of physiological dead space
Tidal volume x percentage of volume of lung did not take part in gaseous exchange
Difference minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
alveolar ventilation needs to minus physiological dead space from minute ventilation
Function of type 1 pneumocytes? If impaired, cause what?
Form alveolar-capillary barrier with endothelial cells.
If impaired, form pulmonary edema
Function of type 2 pneumocytes? If impaired, cause what?
Progenitor for type 1 and type 2 cells. Form surfactant
If impaired, cause migration of bacteria from alveoli to blood vessels
Which structures will start to be absent at which bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles?
Bronchioles: Goblet cell, cartilage, pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells
Respiratory bronchioles: Cilia
