Endocrine

Question 1

anti diabetic drug good for bad kidneys

Answer 1

-gliTazone, exenatide, liraglutide, -gliPtins, Pramlintide

Question 2

antidiabetic drug causing weight gain and its mechanisms,

Answer 2

glipizide, glyburide,-glinide, close K channel of pancreatic beta cell

Question 3

antidiabetic drug that can cause CVS complication and its mechanisms

Answer 3

Thiazolidinediones (-gliTazone). can cause HF, MI, activate PPAR-gamma to increase insulin sens.

Question 4

antidiabetic drug that can cause GI symptoms a lot and its mechanisms

Answer 4

Acarbose, miglitol. alpha-glucosidase inhibitors at intestine brush-border

Question 5

which antithyroid drug bad for pregnancy

Answer 5

PTU (for 1st trimester, if 2nd,3rd cause hepatotoxicity), methimazole (for 2nd, 3rd trimester, if 1st cause teratogenicity)

Question 6

Name all features of MEN 1,2A,2B

Answer 6

Specific to 1a: Pituitary, Pancreas /
Overlap 1,2a: Parathyroid
Overlap 2a, 2b: Medullary thyroid Ca, Phaeochromocytoma
Specfic to 2b: Mucosal neuroma, Marfan

Question 7

Neuroblastoma in children has what patho features? same which neuro tumor?

Answer 7

Homer-Wright rosette, medulloblastoma, NSE +, Bombesin+

Question 8

What causes pseudohypoparathyroidism? Difference between type 1A and pseudopseudoparahypoparathyroidism? Typical features of both?

Answer 8

End organ resistance to PTH. 1A (maternal GNAS mutation which encodes Gs protein alpha unit, high PTH, low Ca, high PO4). Pseudopseudo (paternal GNAS mutation, no end organ resistance to PTH, normal Ca, normal PO4)
only similarity is both has Albright hereditary osteodystrophy and both has GNAS mutation

Question 9

Patho features of Papillary carcinoma

Answer 9

Psamomma body, Orphan Annie eyes

Question 10

Patho features of Medullary carcinoma

Answer 10

from parafollicular C cells, produce Calcitonin, sheets of polygonal cells in amyloid stroma (stains with Congo red)

Question 11

Patho features of Graves disease

Answer 11

scalloped colloid

Question 12

Patho features of Hashimoto thyroiditis

Answer 12

Hurthle cells, lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers (like lymph nodes)

Question 13

Patho features of De Quervain thyroiditis

Answer 13

Granuloma

Question 14

Patho features of of Riedel thyroiditis

Answer 14

thyroid tissue replaced by fibrous tissue and inflammatory infiltrate

Question 15

Treatment for SIADH

Answer 15

fluid restriction, + salt + hypertonic saline + diuretics + ADH antagonist (-vaptans)