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ACVIM literature 2015-2019 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common perianaesthetic complication during feline bronchoscopy?
What was identified as reducing this complication?

A

Desatuartion (SpO2 <90%)

This was reduced with

  • Use of ET tube or laryngeal airway mask vs tracheal catheter
  • use of terbutaline

Tucker JFMS 2019

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2
Q

Does indoor air pollution increase the risk of respiratory disease in dogs or cats?

A

not in dogs but does in cats with PM2.5 (>35ug/m3)

Lin JVIM 2017

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3
Q

What proportion of cats with URT signs have infectious causes in Australia?
What were the most common?
what time of year were more URT signs seen (both infection and disease)

A

49% had infectious causes of URT signs

most common:
Mycoplasma felis 21%
Calici 16%
M.felis + calici 13%
Herpes 7%

Most common in winter, in young, entire, DSH.

Nguyen JFMS 2019

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4
Q

What are common concurrent diseases process associated with dynamic pharyngeal collapse in dogs?

A
  • mainstem bronchi collapse
  • tracheal collapse
  • BOAS
  • overweight (BCS 7/9)

Rubin JVIM 2015

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5
Q

What signalment is common in dogs with epiglottic retroversion?

What is the overall survival?

What benefit of surgery?

A
  • middle aged to old
  • small
  • spayed female
  • BCS >/= 6/9
  • stridor and dysponea
  • prev or concurrent URT disoreder (79%)

Survival > 2 years

Surgery => reduced incidence of respiratory crisis

Skerrett JVIM 2015

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6
Q

What are liposomal toll-like receptor ligand complexes potentially used for?
How are they administered?
What do they stimulate?

A

Potential for mucosally administered immunotherapy for non-specific protection fro viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections.

transmucosally/topical administration

Stimulates recruitment of monocytes to the nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa. Innate immune activation with production of antiviral and antibacterial cytokines and upreg of costimulatory molecules or immune effector cells.

Wheat JVIM 2018

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7
Q

what imaging modalities are most useful for identifying bronchiectasis in dogs?

A

CT 100%
Bronchoscopy 92%

johnso JVIM 2016

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8
Q

What concurrent diseases are associated with bronchectasis in dogs?
What was the final diagnosis in dogs with bronchectasis?

A
  • airway collapse 58%
  • mucus plugging 48%

Final diagnosis:

  • pneumonia 52%
  • Eosinophilic bronchopneumonia 12%
  • inflam airway disease 36%
  • bacteria 28%

Johnson JVIM 2016

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9
Q

What is the benefit of using maropitant in chronic bronchitis?

A

acts as an antitussive but doesn’t reduce airway inflam.

Grobman JVIM 2016

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10
Q

What aerosolization method achieves higher deposition in dogs - nebulisation or MRI?

A

Nebulization 4,2%
MDI 2.3%

Chow JVIM 2017

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11
Q

What conditions is BAL lymphocytosis seen in?

A
  • common response to airway injury
    eosinophilic lung disease
    neutrophilia with infectious or inflam disease

Lymphocytosis alone was linked with airway collapse but unsure if collpase causes lymphocytosis or the inflam causes airway collapse

Johnson JVIM 2019

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12
Q

What are the complications of tracheal stents? What are they associated with?

A

Stent fracture - natural tracheal taper, stent diameter oversizing in the intrathoracic trachea and 14mm stents
Thoracic inlet fracture associated with tracheal malformations

Tissue ingrowth - tracheal malformation

Progressive collapse - smaller max tracheal diameter.

Violette JVIM 2018

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13
Q

What are the criteria for ARDs

A
  1. Acute onset respiratory distress <72h
  2. presence of known risk factors
  3. evidence of pulmonary capillary leak without increased pulmonary capillary pressure
  4. evidence of inefficient gas exchange
    +/- evidence of diffuse pulmonary inflammation
histopath:
- alveolar inflam
- oedema
- necrosis with hyaline membranes
- vasc congestion
\+ type II alveolar cell proliferation or interstitial fibrosis.

Boiron JVECC 2016

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of ARDs in dogs? and in cats?

A

Aspiration pneimonia 42%, SIRS 29% and shock 29%

Cats - SIRS +/- sepsis

Boiron JVECC 2016

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15
Q

What is the overall case fatality of ARDs in :

  • dogs
  • cats
A

Dogs - 84%
Cats- 100%

Boiron JVECC 2016

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16
Q

On inspiration, what areas contribute what percentage of airway resistance?

A

upper airways - 68-82%
larynx 6%
lower airways 11-25%

Loewen JVECC 2022

17
Q

What factors affect Ficks law of diffusion/rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Alveolar surface area - eg atelectasis
  2. Thickenss of the barrier eg pul fibrosis
  3. Difference in partial pressures of gas between alveoli and capillaries. eg CO2 has 20 x solubility of O2.

Loewen JVECC 2022

18
Q

What are the 5 classic causes of hypoxaemia and examples?

A
  1. low FiO2 - inadequate o2 supplementation eg O2 not connected to anaesthetic circuit
  2. Diffusion impairment - alveolar barrier thickened due to fibrosis, fluid or cell infiltration/neoplasia
  3. Hypoventialation - lesions in the resp center, cervical spinal cord, phrenic nerve or NMJ, chest wall, pleural space or drugs that reduce resp drive.
  4. Shunt - venous blood bypasses the lungs eg AV fistula. NB doesn’t respond to O2 supplementation.
  5. V/Q (vent/perfusion) mismatch due to:
    - blood flow obstruction to lung recieving ventilation (PTE)
    - airflow obstruction to lung receiving normal blood flow (severe parenchymal disease)

Loewen JVECC 2022

19
Q

What it the normal pressure in the pleural space?
How much fluid is normally present here in :
- dogs?
- cats?

A

-5cm H2O pressure

dogs - 0.1ml/kg
Cat - 0.3ml/kg

20
Q

What do liposomal toll-like receptor ligand complexes do when given mucosally?
What might be the benefit in this?

A
  • rapidly activated leukocytes including upreg of costimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production.

topical improvement of LTC in cats triggered rapid recruitment of monocytes to nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa , effectively activating innate immune responses. this could have potential for immunotherapy for non-specific prevention from viral and bacterial resp tract infections or treatment of infections resistant to antibiotics or other medications.

Wheat JVIM 2018

21
Q

Fr dogs with epistaxis but no mucoid or mucopulent discharge what tests should precede nasal work up?

A
  • coags
  • BP

Cohn VCNA 2020

22
Q

What percentage of patients with nasal neoplasia have mets to the SMLN at the time of disease diagnosis?

A

~8%

Cohn VCNA 2020

23
Q

What are the most common nasal diseases in cats?

A
  1. Rhinitis
  2. neoplaisa - lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma
  3. Polyps (young male, msocephalic)

Ferguson JFMS 2020

24
Q

What is the most common presentation for nasal Fb in dogs?

A

<7yrs, >10kg with grass awns.
resolution of clinical singsin 97% of dogs after removal.

Dias JSAP 2020

ACVIM literature 2015-2019 (12 decks)

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