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ACVIM literature 2015-2019 > Infectious diseases > Flashcards

Infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What does blastomycosis look like cytologically?

A
  • 10-40ug
  • thick blue wall
  • budd in broad based fashion with daughter celsl of similar size
  • stain positively with PAS stain
    + non degent to apop neutrophils, necrotic debris (supprative to pyogranulomatous)

Thompson VCNA 2017

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2
Q

What does histoplasmosis look like cytologically?

A
  • 3-5ug
  • colourless cell wall with dark interior
  • found within macrophages or occasionally free secondary to lysed cells.
  • inflam usually macrophagic to granulomatous

Thompson VCNA 2017

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3
Q

What does cryptococcus look like cytologically?

A
  • 8-40ug and round with thickened all and dark interior
  • capsule up to 200ug. colourless and non staining
  • narrow based budding
  • Macrophages +/- eosinophils
  • can have non-encapuslated form that looks like blasto. stain with PAS to identify.

Thompson VCNA 2017

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4
Q

What does sporotrichosis look like cytologically?

A
  • 3 -5 um by 5-9um.
  • round to oval, budding
  • within Neuts and macrophages
  • mixed to pyogran inflam

Thompson VCNA 2017

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5
Q

What does aspergillus look like cytologically?

A
  • fungal hyphae are septate every 2-8um and have dichotomous branching at 45 degree angles.
  • variable staining => use PAS or silver stain
  • macrophage, mixed or pyogran inflam

Thompson VCNA 2017

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6
Q

What does dermatophytosis look like cytologically?

A
  • spores 1-3um
  • round
  • thin clear capsule
  • extracellular
  • supprative inflam

Thompson VCNA 2017

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7
Q

What does mycobacterium appear like cytologically?

A
  • non-staining, filamentous rods in macrophages
  • gram +, acid fast
  • marked pyogran inflam

Thompson VCNA 2017

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8
Q

What does neorickettsia helminthoeca look like cytologically?

A
  • 1-2 um diameter,
  • variable shaped
  • basophilic inclusions in macrophages.
  • granulomatous lymphadenitis

Thompson VCNA 2017

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9
Q

What does actinomyces/nocardia look like cytologically?

A
  • long filamentous rods with a beaded appearance that often taper at the ends
  • clumps/colonies with actinomyces (sulfur granules)
  • pyogran inflam

Thompson VCNA 2017

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10
Q

What does Cytouxzoon felis look like cytologically?

A
  • 1-2um
  • round
  • pinpoint, eccentrically located nucleas and clear cytoplasm
  • in RBCs.
  • Southeast and midwest USA

Thompson VCNA 2017

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11
Q

What does dirofilia immitis appear like on blood smear?

A
  • 300um x 6um
  • tapered head and a pointed tail.

Thompson VCNA

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12
Q

What does distemper look like cytologically?

A
  • Viral inclusion
  • cytoplasm
  • rounded
  • smooth or glassy appearance
  • variable colour depending on stain

Thompson VCNA 2017

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13
Q

What are risk factors for bartonella in north america?

A
  • intact male dogs
  • co-exposure with other canine vector borne diseases
  • mixed breed

*geography and time of year were not risks. seen throughout USA and in all seasons.

Lashnits JVIM 2018

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14
Q

What serovars of bartonella are most common in the USA?

A

b. koehlerae (2.39%) > b. henselae (2.14%) > b. visonii ssp berkhoffi (1.42%)

Lashnits JVIm 2018

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15
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of IFA testing for bartonella in dogs using expanded antigen panels?

A

Sensitivity 62%? but individual serovars ranged from 15-38%
Specificity 85%

neupane JVIM 2017

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16
Q

What is the cause of tick bourne relapsing fever in dogs?
How is it diagnosed?
what is the most common clinical sign?
Treatment?

A
  • Spirochete bacteria - Borrelia turcatae or hemsii
    via ornithodoros spp ticks
  • visulization of spirochets in blood smear
  • thrombocytoepnia
  • tetracyclines

Piccione JVIM 2016

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17
Q

For dogs with leptospirosis presenting with haematological abnormalities, what are the common changes?
Are there any prognostic factors associated with this?

A
  • can be hyper, normla or hypocoagulable
  • anaemia
  • throbmocytopenis
  • hyperfigrinogeniemia
  • increased D-dimers
  • DIC

Mortality rate lower in hypercoag dogs.
DIC did not affect prognosis

Bartelemy JVIM 2017

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18
Q

What test can be used for early detection of lepto specific antibodies?
at what time frame?
what antibody type?

A

Witness lepto test
detected in all dogs by day 10 compared to 30/32 by MAT by day 14.
IgM

Lizer JVIM 2018

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19
Q

what species of lepto is associated is chronic granulomatous hepatitis without clinical signs of renal involvement?
how is this confirmed?
do patients remain positive on repeat sampling?

A

Leptospira interrogans/kirschneri

  • increase liver end, FISH on liver biopsy and PCR for species.
  • 3/4 remained positive after doxycycline treatment.

McCallum JVIm 2018

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20
Q

What presentations can be seen with feline listeriosis?

What are the predilection sites?

A
  • mesenteric lymphadenopathy
  • systemic secondary to bacteraemia
  • Mononuclear phagocytic tissues
  • CNS

Fluen JVIM 2019

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21
Q

What age cats if feline mesenteric lymphadenitis secondary to listeria seen?
Treatment?
Prognosis?

A
  • young to middle aged
  • raw meat diet

treatment: amoxycillin
Prognosis: long survival

Fluen JVIm 2019

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22
Q

Which mycoplasma species is likely associated with LRT disease in dogs?
Which is more likely commensal?
Which is there insufficient data for?

A

LRT disease: M. cynos
Commensal: M. canis, M. spumans, m edwardii
Unclear: M. spumans.

Jambhekar JVIM 2018

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23
Q

Can M canis be transmitted vertically?

What about Ehrlichia ewingii?

A

M, canis: Yes

E. Wingii: No

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24
Q

What disease has probable REM sleep behaviour been associated with?
Are anti-epileptic medications effective?
What clinical signs are seen?
When does this generally occur after diagnosis?

A 
Tetanus
no
Clinical signs includ:
- running 80%
- vocalization 60%
- twitching 53%
- seizure like 40%
- nightmare like 36%

Usually within 2 weeks of discharge in >75% of cases.

Shea JVIm 2018

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25
Q

what are the clinical signs of mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis in cats?
What is the mortality?
What can it be associated with?

A
  • young cats
  • pyogranulomatous leasion
  • lymphadenopathy
  • pulmonary disease

Mortality rate: 83%

Associated with :

  • commercially available raw food diet
  • wildlife exposure
  • raw milk
  • rodent population

O’Halloran JFMS 2019
- exposure to infected peopel

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26
Q

What is the proportion of cats with sepsis that have MODS?

What are associated with increased risk of mortality in these patients?

A

25/43 cats on presentation, 32/43 at end of the hospital stay.

Increased risk of mortality with:

  • MODS,
  • renal dysfunction on admission
  • CV dysfunction on admission
  • number of organs affected by MODS.

Troia JFMS 2019

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27
Q

What bacteria are most frequently isolated fro bacterial colonization of IV cathers?
What factors were associated with increased likelihood of developing such an infection?

A

Acinetobacter spp (21.7%)

Increased risk with :

  • steroid us
  • junior or student staff catheter placement

Guzman Ramoz JVIM 2017

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28
Q

Can FMT assist with disease management?

A

Parvo virus:

  • associated with faster resolution of diarrhoea
  • shorter hospitalization
  • lower mortality (although not statistically significant) - 21.2%

Pereira JVIM 2017

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29
Q

Does feliway assist in reducting FHV-1 reactivation/maintenance?

A

Possibly - reduced sneezing with FHV-1 innoculated kittens and improved sleep, suggestive of reduced stress.

Contreras JVIM 2018

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30
Q

How does innoculation with liposome-toll-like receptor ligans complexes assist in reducing FHV-2 infection clinical signs?

A
  • Reduced conjucntivitis and FHV-1 DNA.

TLR activation generates non-specific protection from infections by triggering innate immune response.

Contreras JVIM 2018

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31
Q

Do cats with pre-vaccination antibiot titre > or = 1.40 for feline panleuk have a strong response to vaccination?
What does this suggest?

What factors were associated with an appropriate response to vaccination?

A

no - none had a 4 fold increase in Ab titres
Thus consider measuring antibiotides rather than regular revaccination as they are unlikely to respond adequately anyway.

Factors associated with adequate response to vaccination:

  • lack of prev vaccination
  • lack of antibiodies
  • DSH

Bergmann JFMS 2018

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32
Q

What are poor prognostic indicators for cats ith feline panleuk?

A
  • low leukocyte count or platelet count at presentation
  • low leukocyte count during hospitalization
  • hypoalbuminaemia at presentation
  • hypokalaemia at presentation
  • lethargy
  • hypothermia
  • low bodyweight

Barrs VCNA 2019

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33
Q

For cases with a high index of suspicion, what is the sens and spec of RT-qPCR to support a diagnosis of non-effusive FIP based on FNA of mesenteric LNs?

A

Sens: 90%
Spec:96%

Dunbar JFMS 2019

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34
Q

What is the drug GS-441524 used for?

A

FIP - predominantly tested in effusive form
4mg/kg sc q24h for 12 weeks

Pedersen jFMS 2019

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35
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of genotype discriminating RT-qPCR for the diagnosis of FIP?
Which genotype was this assocciated with?

A

Sens: 70%
Spec: 100%

associated with detection of a substitution M1058L

Sangl JFMS 2019

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36
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity for the following tests for FIV and FeLV?

  • SNAP
  • witness
  • Anigen
  • Vetscan
A

no difference between for FIV

  1. SNAP
    Sens - 100%
    Spec - 100%
  2. Witness
    Sens - 89%
    Spec - 95%
  3. Anigen
    Sens - 91%
    Spec - 95%
  4. Vetscan
    Sens - 85%
    Spec -85%

Levy JFMS 2017

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37
Q

What diseases has feline papilloma virus been associated with?

A
  • feline viral plaques
  • Bowenoid in situ carinoma - potential progression to SCC
  • oral papilloma
  • feline sarcoids
    +/- SCC or BCC - less data to support

Munday JFMS 2019

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38
Q

Where is blastomycosis found?

A
  • midwest river valley
  • ohio river valley (ohio, kentucky, indiana, west virginia)
  • mississippi river valleys (middle/slightly to the right of the map, not along the coast)

Maps:
Middle, slightly to the right of themap, extending from the lakes at the top and narrowing to the gulf o mexico. May extend to the east coast.

Bentley VCNA 2018

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39
Q

Where is histoplasmosis found?

A

Associated with Mississippi, ohio and missouri river valley.

Maps: from just touching the lakes area, not extending to the east coast, but widening to reach the whole gulf of mexico + along the mexico border.

Bentley VCNA 2018

40
Q

Where is coccidioidomycosis found?

A

Arizona and nearby

Maps:- along the border to mexico

Bentley VCNA 2018

41
Q

Where is cryptococcus neoforms found?

A

world wide

Bentley VCNA 2018

42
Q

Where is cryptococcus gatti found?

A
  • Vancouver island
  • northwest USA (along the coast)

Bentley VCNA 2018

43
Q

What fungal disease are associated with multifocal meningoencephalomomyelitis + systemic disease?

A
  • Crypto neofromans and gatti
  • aspergillus terreus, fumigatus, deflectus
  • blasto dermatitidis
  • histo capsulatum
  • cladophilophora bantiana

Bentley VCNA 2018

44
Q

What is the presentation of CNS cryptococcus?

What is seen on MRI?

A
  • forebrain or multifocal +/- cervical spinal cords, cerebellum
  • cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, optic chiasm.
  • Seizures
  • occular lesions
  • systemic disease
  • yeast on CSF

MRI:
T1 hypointense
T2 hyperintense
Peripheral contrast enhancement

Parenchymal: ill defined enhancement, can be solitary (cats)
Meningeal enhancement: diffuse

Sinonasal disease:
- cribiform plate, frontal sinus and nasal cavity involvement.

Bentley VCNA 2018

45
Q

What is the presentation of CNS aspergillus?

What is seen on MRI?

A
  • Azotaemia
  • soteomyelitis
  • lymphadenopathy
  • ME
  • forebrain, brainstem, - multifocal.

MRI:
T1 - iso to hypointense
T2 + FLAIR - hyperintense
Contrast enhancing

Heterogenous
Intra axial
Meningeal enhancement
+/- nasal/occular chiasm.

Sinonasal disease:

  • contrast enhancing nasal mass and frontal lobme mass
  • extensive adjacent brain oedema
  • optichaisms enhancement (cat. afumigatus)

Bentley VCNA 2018

46
Q

What is the presentation of CNS blastomycosis?

What is seen on MRI?

A
  • multifocal.
    no sinonasal lesions.
    *forebrain, brainstem, multifocal
MRI
T1 hypointense
T2 hyperintense 
Marked perilesional oedema
Strongly contrast enhancing lesion
Meningies contrast enhancing.

Sinonasla lesions:
- seizures and forebrain deficits
- mass spaning nasal cavity, cribiform plate, frontal olfactory and with intra-axial lesions.
Strong catrast enhancement fo mass, brain lession, meningies and 2 areas of ring enhancement.
- marked osteolysis

Ventriculitis:

  • obstrucitve hydrocephalus and rapid neuro decline (haematogenous spread)
  • periventricular districubsion with pyogran inflam in and around ventricles (latera and 3rd most common)
  • meningitis

MRI:
T2 hyperintense = [periventricular
Periventicular contrast enchancement esp around rostral horns.

Bentley VCNA 2018

47
Q

What is the presentation of CNS histoplasmosis?

What is seen on MRI?

A

Histoplasma:

  • diarrhoea
  • multisystemic disease
  • ME (seizures, vestibular, + organisms in CSF)
  • chronic granulomatous change in brain.

No MRI findings available.

Bentley VCNA 2018

48
Q

What causes of fungal ventriculitis have been noted?

A 
Blasto dermatitidis (d)
Trichosporon montevideense (d)
Crypto (D + C)
Phyoma eupyrena (c)

Bently VCNA 2018

49
Q

What is the median survival of dogs with disseminated aspergillus treated with posaconazole? Did anything improve survivl?

A

240 days
improved with concurrent terbinafine treatments
relapse frequent

Corrigan JVIM 2016

50
Q

What is a newly described treatment option for sino-nasal aspergillosis in dogs?
is this safe to use in dog with calvarium damage?

A

Debridemen and irigation with 1% clotrimazole cream but via catheter placed retrograde directly ito the frontal sinus (no trephination) - Seldinger technique.
Repeat every 2 weeks until culture and histo negative.

Safe in dogs with calvarium damage.

51
Q

lytic lesions up to what size in the cribaform plate are not considered contraindications to topical therapy for sinonasal aspiergillosis?

A

16 x 22mm2

Belda JVIM 2017

52
Q

What serum Ig is most useful in the detection of feline URT aspergillosis?

A

IgG >IgA
IgG:
Sens 95.2%
Spec 92..7%

IgA:
Sens: 78%
Spec: 96%

Tapylor JVIm 2016

53
Q

What coaculation changes are noted with blastomycosis?

A
  • hypercoagulable on TEG
  • hyperfibrinogenaemia
  • increased TAT conc

McMichael JVIM 2015

54
Q

What changes associated with vitamin D are seen in dogs with blasto?

A
  • reduced 25(OH)D (not assoc with survival)
  • reduced PTH
  • increased iCa++

O’Brien, JVIM 2017

55
Q

What factors are associated with reduced survivial in patient with blasto?

A
  • lactate
  • bone, skin and LN involvement
  • number of sites affected
  • presence of resp signs.

O’Brien JVIM 2017

56
Q

What percentage of patients with coccidioidomycosis have renal abnormalities?

  • azotaemia
  • proteinuria
  • UPC> 3

What are the possible causes of these renal changes?

A
  • azotaemia 13%
  • proteinuria 63%
  • UPC> 3 25%

> 50% of those biopsied had evidence of immune complex glomerulonephritis.
33% had granulomatous nephritis.

Mehrkens JVIM 2016

57
Q

What is the main clinical presentation for dogs with coccidioidomycosis?

A
  • pulmonary (inhaled) 80%
    interstitial to nodular pattern with hilar LN enlargement.
  • disseminated 20%
    possibly renal/PLN signs.

Mehrkens JVIM 2016

58
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of:

  • lateral flow crypto serum antigen test (immy)
  • CryptoPS (biosynex)
A

Immy:
Sens 92%
spec 93%

Biosynth:
Sens 80%
Spec 94%

Reagan JCUM 2019

59
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity or percentage affected of urine and serum to detect histoplasmosis in cats:

  • at the time of diagnosis
  • remission
  • relapse
A
  • at the time of diagnosis
    Urine: 95%
    Serum 73%
  • remission
    Urine: sens 90%, spect 64%
    Serum Sense 90%, spec 52%
  • relapse
    Urine: 100%
    Serum 50%

Hanzlicek JVIM 2016

60
Q

With treatment, what is the 6 month survival for cats with histoplasmosis?

A

67%

Rothenburg, JVIM 2018

61
Q

What coag changes are noted with Angiostrongylus vasorum infection?

What improves these?

A
  • Hyperfirbrinolysis
  • Hypofibrinogenaemia 60% of those with hyperfribinolysis

+ reduced placetlest, Facto V and increased factor VIII +/- DIC

Hyperfibrinolysisi improves with TXA
hypofibrinogenaemia improved with FFP

Sigrist JVM 2017

62
Q

Is there a difference in survivial time in bleending vs non bleeding patients with angiotrongylus vasorum infection?
What is the % survival to discharge?

A

no difference
survival to discharge 67%

Sigrist JVIM 2017

63
Q

What tests should be used for diagnosis of angiostrongylus in dogs?

A
  • ELISA for Antibiodies (bloods)
  • qPCR on BAL fluid
    As ELISA for antigen, baermann for first stage larvae and antiodetect rapid test all failed to confirm infection in close to 50% or more cases.

Canonne jVIM 2017

64
Q

What clinicopathological markers are associated with non-survival in dogs with acute babesia infection?

A

***hyperlactataemia and leukopenia

others:
increased
- triglycerides
- phosphate

lower:

  • HCT
  • TP
  • platelets

Eichenberger JVIM 2016

65
Q

What treatment can be used for babesia gibsoni in dogs for 10 days?
What is the success of this?
How is success defined?

A

Azithromycin 10mg/kg PO q24h
+
Atovaquone 13.4mg/kg PO q8h with fatty meal
for 10 days

Success - 93%

Success defined as 2 x negative PCR tests at days 30 and 60 +/- 90 days. 90% negative at 30 and 60 days

Kirk JVIM 2017

66
Q

What concurrent vector bourne organisims may be seen with Babesia conradae infection?
What is this disease associated with?

A
  • mycoplasma haemocanis
  • candidatus mycoplasma haematoparvum
  • E. canis
  • a hepatozoon felis liek organism
    +/- bartonella

Coyote hunting/interactions

Dear JVIM 2017

67
Q

What are the clinical signs of infection with Babesia conradae?

A

Anaemia (haemolytic), leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminand and hyperglobulinaemia.

Lower:

  • HCT
  • Leukocyte cound
  • MCHC
  • PLT
  • Albumin

higher:

  • MCV
  • MPV
  • Globumins

Dear JVIm 2017

68
Q

What is resistance to atovaquone in babesia gibsoni associated with which mutation?
What is the percentage of cases with this in the USA?
are there particular breeds at risk?

A

Resistance to atovaquone is associated with mutation in the mitochodiral genoma at the M128 position of cytochrome b.

prevalence was 3.5%, but increase to 12.1%
More common in AmStaf/Pitbulls.

Birkenheuer JVim 2018

69
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of the insulated isothermal PCR for dogs at high risk of babesia gibsoni.?

A

iiPCR for b. gibsoni
Sens: 90%
spec 99%

all babesia:
Sens 87%
Spec 98%

Fails to identify 10-15% of true infected dogs.

Cooke JVIM 2018

70
Q

What is the prevalence of babesia in dogs in north america?

A

2.9%

Barash JVIM 2018

71
Q

What co-infections occur wiht b. vulpes?

what clinicopathological signs are seen in dogs with B. vulpes?

A

B. vulpes +

  • mycoplsma
  • Dirofilaria immitis
  • Bolmachia
  • Bartonell
  • Ehrlichia
  • Rickettsia

Clin path:

  • anaemia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • hyperglobulinaemia
  • hypoalbuminaemia
  • proteinuria

barash JVIm 2018

72
Q

What changes with acute phase proteins and lipids/lipoporteins are noted in dogs with babesia infections?

A
  • increased serum amyloid A
  • lower cholesterol, phosphlipid and a-lipoproteins
  • increased serum apoliporpotein A-1 suggestive of altered reverse cholesterol transport.

Milanovic JVUM 2018

73
Q

How long can E. ewingii infection persist after natural tick exposure?

A

Intermittently detected up to 733 days post exposure.

Starkey JVIM 2015

74
Q

Why might some dogs with clinically relavant thrombocytopenia secondary to E. canis infection not develop clinical bleeding?

A
  • hypercoagulable
  • hypofibrinolyitic states.
  • activated platelet

Shropshire JVIM 2017

75
Q

What tick spreads E. canis?

What treatments can be used for E.canis?

A

Rhipicephalalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)

Doxycycline 10mg/kg PO q24 for 28d. (all were neg at 3 weeks)
Minocycline 10mg/kg BID for 28d. may be better for CNS fiven greater lipophilic propertites and higher tissue concentrations.

Jenkins JVIM 2018

76
Q

What are common presentations of E. ewingii?
what are common clinpath abnormalities?
what other vector bourne pathogens are common with E. ewingii?

A

Ehrilichia: fever, lamenes, polyarthrytis with joint pain

  • renal diseae
  • IMHA

Clin path:

  • abnormal lymphocytes
  • neutrphilia
  • increased ALP, ALT and SDMA
  • proteinuria

Other vector bourne pathogens with ehrlichia:

  • Rickettsia rickettsii 30%
  • Bartonella 2.6%
  • Borrelia burgforferi 2.4%

Qurollo JVIM 2018

77
Q

What additional test can be used to minimize difference in commercial in clinic immunoassay sensitvities for giardia detection?
What is the gold standard for giardia detection?

A

ZnSO4 centrifugal faecal float

IFA for giardia

Saleh JVUM 2018

78
Q

What are the treatment options for colonic pythiosis?

Why is medical treatment difficult?

A
  • aggressive surgery
  • Itraconazole, terbinafine and pred

Medical treatment has previously been unrewarding because oomycete is lacking ergosterol in the cell membrane, which is usually the target of antifungals.

Reagan JVIM 2019

79
Q

What is the theoretic mechanism by which TriTrichomonas foetus causes diarrhoea.
What type of diarrhoea?

A
  • Large bowel diarrhoea

contact with epithelium => increased tight junction permeability + epithelial cell detachement and apoptosis + secretory protein increase epith cell lysis
=> inflam + Elyte changes
=> diarrhoea

Tolbert JVUM 2016

80
Q

What disease does trypanosoma cruzi cause?
What is its vector?
What is the prevalence in Texas?
What co-infections are noted with it?

A
  • Chagas disease/american trypanosomiasis - fatal heart disease
  • vector = triatomine insect
  • prevalence in texas - 18%
  • Coexposure:
  • Dirofilaria - 16%
  • Anaplasma 6.9%
  • Ehrlichia 3,6%
  • Borrelia burgdorferi 0.2%

Hodo JVIM 2018

81
Q

What are presenting signs of Chagas disease in texas dogs?

where are these dogs found in USA?

A
  • younger
  • non-sporting or toy breed eg breeds that often have heart disease…
  • ventricular arrhythmia
  • combined ECG abnormalities
  • cardiact troponin I > 0.129ng/mL

texas, tennessee, georgia, virgina, Lousiana, Oklahoma

Meyers JVIM 2018

82
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of Chagas heart disease?

A
  1. Parasite induced damage to heart tieeus
  2. Cardiac dysautonomia and microvasc circulation disturbances
  3. Immune med myocardial injury
  4. neurogenic disorders.

Meyers JVIm 2018

83
Q

What are common signs of acute Chagas disease?

A
  • lethargy
  • generalized lymphadenopathy
  • signs of CHF - pale MM, slow CrT, weak pulses, ascites, enlarged liver
  • enlarged spleen
  • Sudden death.

Meyers JVIM 2018

84
Q

What are signs of chronic Chagas heart disease?

What medications can be use?

A

Ventricular arrhythmia - VPC with potential to progress to Vtach
=> myocardial dysfunction => failure.

Benznidazole may temporarly reduce parasite load but doesn’t improve CHF.

Meyers JVIm 2018

85
Q 
What are the clinical signs of feline bartonella infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
A

Clinical signs:

  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Fever, lethargy, lympadenopathy
  3. Mild CNS signs
  4. Inflam leukogram, neutropaenia, eosinophilia,
  5. Anaemia
  6. Thrombocytopenia
  7. Hyperglobulinaemia

Spread: via fleas/arthropod vectors

Localizes: RBC, macrophages, endothelial cells and pericytes => persistent infections/incidental finding

Diagnosis:

  • PCR, alphaproteobacterium growth medium enhanced PCR, - risk of false negative
  • culture
  • Antibody detection via IFA or western blot.

Treatment:

  • Doxy 10mg/kg PO q12h + pradofloxacin 5-10mg/kg PO q12-24h
  • Pradofloxacin 7.5mg/kg PO q12h

Qurollo VCNA 2019

86
Q 
What are the clinical signs of feline  cytauzoonosis infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
What regions of USA?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
A 
Cytauxzoonosis
Signs: secondary to thrombi
1. Aymptomatic
2. Fever, anorexia, lethargy, generalized pain
3. Dysponea, icterus
4. Pancytopenia
5. Neuro
6. MODS
7. Sudden death

Spread: tick - dermacentor variablilis or amblyomma americanum, or blood transufsion.

Localizes: Monocytes or Macrophages

Found in south, mid-atlantic and possibly NE USA.
April to sept.

Diagnosis

  • Microscopy: blood, liver, spleen, LN => schizonts in Macrophages.
  • PCR - most sensitive

treatment:
Atovaquone 15mg/kg PO q8h + azithromycine 10mg/kg PO q24h for 10 days. + supportive care, anticoags, blood transfusion etc.

Qurollo VCNA 2019

87
Q 
What are the clinical signs of feline anaplasma infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
What regions of USA?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
A 
Anaplasma
Signs:
1. Asymptomatic
2. Non-specific: fever lethargy, anorexim dehydration. lethargy, abdo pain
3. Polyarthritis
4. Epistaxis
5. Anaemia and thrombocytopenia.

Spread: Tick - ixodies.

Localizes: haematopoetic cells (intracellular)

USA: NE and mid-atlantic states.

Diagnosis:

  • Antibodies - IFA, ELISA
  • PCR
  • cytology: morulae in neutrophils, PLT, lymphocytes or monocytes.

Treatment:
Docycyline 10mg/kg PO Q24h for 28d.
Minocycline?

Qurollo VCNA 2019

88
Q 
What are the clinical signs of feline ehrlichiosis infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
What regions of USA?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
A 
Ehrlichosis
Signs:
1. Non-specific: fever lethargy, 
2. Joint pain
3. non-regen anaemia
4. Thrombocytopenia
5. Lymphopenia and monocytosis
6. Increased globulins.

Spread: Tick - A.americanum, R. samguineus

Localizes: neutrophil and monocytes.

USA: uncommon. Noted in Sth america and europe.

Diagnosis:

  • Antibodies - IFA, ELISA
  • PCR
  • cytology: morulae in neutrophils, PLT, lymphocytes or monocytes.

Treatment:
Docycyline 10mg/kg PO Q24h for 28d.
Minocycline?

Qurollo VCNA 2019

89
Q 
What are the clinical signs of feline borreliosis infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
What regions of USA?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
A

Borreliosis:
Lyme: B. burgdorferi
1. Non-specific: lethargy, inappetance, fever
2. Lame, ataxia

Relapsing fever borrelia: various Borrelia spp:

  1. non-specific: lethargy, fever
  2. Anaemia
  3. thrombocytopenia

Spread: - ticks
Lyme - Ixodes
Relapsing fever - hard and soft ticks or live

Localizes:

USA:
Lyme Burgdorferi - NE and mid atlantic states(maine/Maryland)
Relapidn fever - other- Maryland. uncommon generally.

Diagnosis:
Lyme: Antiboidies - ELISA. PCR from tick attachment, CSF, joint fluid etc but not blood.
RFB - cytology of spirochetes on blood smear or PCR

treatment:
?
Docycyline 10mg/kg PO q24h for 30 days.

Qurollo VCNA 2019

90
Q 
What are the clinical signs of feline hepatozoonosis infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
A

Hepatozoonosis
Signs:
1. asymptoamtic
2. anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia,
3. Granulomatous cholangiohepatitis or lymphadenitisi
4. increased bilirubin, increased creat, increased globulins
5. Histocytic myocarditis

Spread: tick: R. sangueinous, A. maculatum or vertical transmission. may be injecested??

Localize:

  • leukocytes
  • muscles (cardiac and striated)

Diagnosis:

  • Histo/cytology - gamonts inside leukocytes
  • PCR (buffy coat)

treatment:
?
oxytet and primaquine??

Qurollo VCNA 2019

91
Q

what is the prevalence of subclinical bacteruria in older cats?
How much more likely are female cats than male to have subclinical bacteruria?

A

Prevalence 10-13%

Female cats 21 x more likely to have positive urine than males.

No treatment not associated with survival

White JVIM 2016

92
Q

what are the most common UTIs in dogs?

A

Ecoli
Staph
Enterococcus (likely seconday)

Wong JVOM 2015

93
Q

What percentage of canine ecoli UTIs are capable of forming biofilms?

A

52%

Kern JVIM 2018

94
Q

What type of urine is more likely to have higher growths of Ecoli?

A
  • neutral to acid
  • diluted

Thronton JVIM 2018

95
Q

What strain of Ecoli may be useful to prevent colonization of uropathogenic Ecoli in UTIs?

A

ASB Ecoli 2-12

Segev JVIM 2018

96
Q

What is the most common pathogen and presentation (severity and acuteness) of canine pyelonephritis?

A
  • Ecoli
  • Chronic (55%)
  • Severe (61%)

Bouillon JVIm 2018

97
Q

What are potential risk factors for candida UTI in dogs and cats?

A
  • Antibacterial drugs within the preceeding 30 days
  • Immunosuppreesion (dogs)
  • Lower UT disease other than infection (cats)

reagan JVIM 2018

ACVIM literature 2015-2019 (12 decks)

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