Infectious diseases Flashcards
1
Q
What does blastomycosis look like cytologically?
A
- 10-40ug
- thick blue wall
- budd in broad based fashion with daughter celsl of similar size
- stain positively with PAS stain
+ non degent to apop neutrophils, necrotic debris (supprative to pyogranulomatous)
Thompson VCNA 2017
2
Q
What does histoplasmosis look like cytologically?
A
- 3-5ug
- colourless cell wall with dark interior
- found within macrophages or occasionally free secondary to lysed cells.
- inflam usually macrophagic to granulomatous
Thompson VCNA 2017
3
Q
What does cryptococcus look like cytologically?
A
- 8-40ug and round with thickened all and dark interior
- capsule up to 200ug. colourless and non staining
- narrow based budding
- Macrophages +/- eosinophils
- can have non-encapuslated form that looks like blasto. stain with PAS to identify.
Thompson VCNA 2017
4
Q
What does sporotrichosis look like cytologically?
A
- 3 -5 um by 5-9um.
- round to oval, budding
- within Neuts and macrophages
- mixed to pyogran inflam
Thompson VCNA 2017
5
Q
What does aspergillus look like cytologically?
A
- fungal hyphae are septate every 2-8um and have dichotomous branching at 45 degree angles.
- variable staining => use PAS or silver stain
- macrophage, mixed or pyogran inflam
Thompson VCNA 2017
6
Q
What does dermatophytosis look like cytologically?
A
- spores 1-3um
- round
- thin clear capsule
- extracellular
- supprative inflam
Thompson VCNA 2017
7
Q
What does mycobacterium appear like cytologically?
A
- non-staining, filamentous rods in macrophages
- gram +, acid fast
- marked pyogran inflam
Thompson VCNA 2017
8
Q
What does neorickettsia helminthoeca look like cytologically?
A
- 1-2 um diameter,
- variable shaped
- basophilic inclusions in macrophages.
- granulomatous lymphadenitis
Thompson VCNA 2017
9
Q
What does actinomyces/nocardia look like cytologically?
A
- long filamentous rods with a beaded appearance that often taper at the ends
- clumps/colonies with actinomyces (sulfur granules)
- pyogran inflam
Thompson VCNA 2017
10
Q
What does Cytouxzoon felis look like cytologically?
A
- 1-2um
- round
- pinpoint, eccentrically located nucleas and clear cytoplasm
- in RBCs.
- Southeast and midwest USA
Thompson VCNA 2017
11
Q
What does dirofilia immitis appear like on blood smear?
A
- 300um x 6um
- tapered head and a pointed tail.
Thompson VCNA
12
Q
What does distemper look like cytologically?
A
- Viral inclusion
- cytoplasm
- rounded
- smooth or glassy appearance
- variable colour depending on stain
Thompson VCNA 2017
13
Q
What are risk factors for bartonella in north america?
A
- intact male dogs
- co-exposure with other canine vector borne diseases
- mixed breed
*geography and time of year were not risks. seen throughout USA and in all seasons.
Lashnits JVIM 2018
14
Q
What serovars of bartonella are most common in the USA?
A
b. koehlerae (2.39%) > b. henselae (2.14%) > b. visonii ssp berkhoffi (1.42%)
Lashnits JVIm 2018
15
Q
What is the sensitivity and specificity of IFA testing for bartonella in dogs using expanded antigen panels?
A
Sensitivity 62%? but individual serovars ranged from 15-38%
Specificity 85%
neupane JVIM 2017
16
Q
What is the cause of tick bourne relapsing fever in dogs?
How is it diagnosed?
what is the most common clinical sign?
Treatment?
A
- Spirochete bacteria - Borrelia turcatae or hemsii
via ornithodoros spp ticks - visulization of spirochets in blood smear
- thrombocytoepnia
- tetracyclines
Piccione JVIM 2016
17
Q
For dogs with leptospirosis presenting with haematological abnormalities, what are the common changes?
Are there any prognostic factors associated with this?
A
- can be hyper, normla or hypocoagulable
- anaemia
- throbmocytopenis
- hyperfigrinogeniemia
- increased D-dimers
- DIC
Mortality rate lower in hypercoag dogs.
DIC did not affect prognosis
Bartelemy JVIM 2017
18
Q
What test can be used for early detection of lepto specific antibodies?
at what time frame?
what antibody type?
A
Witness lepto test
detected in all dogs by day 10 compared to 30/32 by MAT by day 14.
IgM
Lizer JVIM 2018
19
Q
what species of lepto is associated is chronic granulomatous hepatitis without clinical signs of renal involvement?
how is this confirmed?
do patients remain positive on repeat sampling?
A
Leptospira interrogans/kirschneri
- increase liver end, FISH on liver biopsy and PCR for species.
- 3/4 remained positive after doxycycline treatment.
McCallum JVIm 2018
20
Q
What presentations can be seen with feline listeriosis?
What are the predilection sites?
A
- mesenteric lymphadenopathy
- systemic secondary to bacteraemia
- Mononuclear phagocytic tissues
- CNS
Fluen JVIM 2019
21
Q
What age cats if feline mesenteric lymphadenitis secondary to listeria seen?
Treatment?
Prognosis?
A
- young to middle aged
- raw meat diet
treatment: amoxycillin
Prognosis: long survival
Fluen JVIm 2019
22
Q
Which mycoplasma species is likely associated with LRT disease in dogs?
Which is more likely commensal?
Which is there insufficient data for?
A
LRT disease: M. cynos
Commensal: M. canis, M. spumans, m edwardii
Unclear: M. spumans.
Jambhekar JVIM 2018
23
Q
Can M canis be transmitted vertically?
What about Ehrlichia ewingii?
A
M, canis: Yes
E. Wingii: No
24
Q
What disease has probable REM sleep behaviour been associated with?
Are anti-epileptic medications effective?
What clinical signs are seen?
When does this generally occur after diagnosis?
A
Tetanus no Clinical signs includ: - running 80% - vocalization 60% - twitching 53% - seizure like 40% - nightmare like 36%
Usually within 2 weeks of discharge in >75% of cases.
Shea JVIm 2018
25
what are the clinical signs of mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis in cats?
What is the mortality?
What can it be associated with?
- young cats
- pyogranulomatous leasion
- lymphadenopathy
- pulmonary disease
Mortality rate: 83%
Associated with :
- commercially available raw food diet
- wildlife exposure
- raw milk
- rodent population
O'Halloran JFMS 2019
- exposure to infected peopel
26
What is the proportion of cats with sepsis that have MODS?
| What are associated with increased risk of mortality in these patients?
25/43 cats on presentation, 32/43 at end of the hospital stay.
Increased risk of mortality with:
- MODS,
- renal dysfunction on admission
- CV dysfunction on admission
- number of organs affected by MODS.
Troia JFMS 2019
27
What bacteria are most frequently isolated fro bacterial colonization of IV cathers?
What factors were associated with increased likelihood of developing such an infection?
Acinetobacter spp (21.7%)
Increased risk with :
- steroid us
- junior or student staff catheter placement
Guzman Ramoz JVIM 2017
28
Can FMT assist with disease management?
Parvo virus:
- associated with faster resolution of diarrhoea
- shorter hospitalization
- lower mortality (although not statistically significant) - 21.2%
Pereira JVIM 2017
29
Does feliway assist in reducting FHV-1 reactivation/maintenance?
Possibly - reduced sneezing with FHV-1 innoculated kittens and improved sleep, suggestive of reduced stress.
Contreras JVIM 2018
30
How does innoculation with liposome-toll-like receptor ligans complexes assist in reducing FHV-2 infection clinical signs?
- Reduced conjucntivitis and FHV-1 DNA.
TLR activation generates non-specific protection from infections by triggering innate immune response.
Contreras JVIM 2018
31
Do cats with pre-vaccination antibiot titre > or = 1.40 for feline panleuk have a strong response to vaccination?
What does this suggest?
What factors were associated with an appropriate response to vaccination?
no - none had a 4 fold increase in Ab titres
Thus consider measuring antibiotides rather than regular revaccination as they are unlikely to respond adequately anyway.
Factors associated with adequate response to vaccination:
- lack of prev vaccination
- lack of antibiodies
- DSH
Bergmann JFMS 2018
32
What are poor prognostic indicators for cats ith feline panleuk?
- low leukocyte count or platelet count at presentation
- low leukocyte count during hospitalization
- hypoalbuminaemia at presentation
- hypokalaemia at presentation
- lethargy
- hypothermia
- low bodyweight
Barrs VCNA 2019
33
For cases with a high index of suspicion, what is the sens and spec of RT-qPCR to support a diagnosis of non-effusive FIP based on FNA of mesenteric LNs?
Sens: 90%
Spec:96%
Dunbar JFMS 2019
34
What is the drug GS-441524 used for?
FIP - predominantly tested in effusive form
4mg/kg sc q24h for 12 weeks
Pedersen jFMS 2019
35
What is the sensitivity and specificity of genotype discriminating RT-qPCR for the diagnosis of FIP?
Which genotype was this assocciated with?
Sens: 70%
Spec: 100%
associated with detection of a substitution M1058L
Sangl JFMS 2019
36
What is the sensitivity and specificity for the following tests for FIV and FeLV?
- SNAP
- witness
- Anigen
- Vetscan
no difference between for FIV
1. SNAP
Sens - 100%
Spec - 100%
2. Witness
Sens - 89%
Spec - 95%
3. Anigen
Sens - 91%
Spec - 95%
4. Vetscan
Sens - 85%
Spec -85%
Levy JFMS 2017
37
What diseases has feline papilloma virus been associated with?
- feline viral plaques
- Bowenoid in situ carinoma - potential progression to SCC
- oral papilloma
- feline sarcoids
+/- SCC or BCC - less data to support
Munday JFMS 2019
38
Where is blastomycosis found?
- midwest river valley
- ohio river valley (ohio, kentucky, indiana, west virginia)
- mississippi river valleys (middle/slightly to the right of the map, not along the coast)
Maps:
Middle, slightly to the right of themap, extending from the lakes at the top and narrowing to the gulf o mexico. May extend to the east coast.
Bentley VCNA 2018
39
Where is histoplasmosis found?
Associated with Mississippi, ohio and missouri river valley.
Maps: from just touching the lakes area, not extending to the east coast, but widening to reach the whole gulf of mexico + along the mexico border.
Bentley VCNA 2018
40
Where is coccidioidomycosis found?
Arizona and nearby
Maps:- along the border to mexico
Bentley VCNA 2018
41
Where is cryptococcus neoforms found?
world wide
Bentley VCNA 2018
42
Where is cryptococcus gatti found?
- Vancouver island
- northwest USA (along the coast)
Bentley VCNA 2018
43
What fungal disease are associated with multifocal meningoencephalomomyelitis + systemic disease?
- Crypto neofromans and gatti
- aspergillus terreus, fumigatus, deflectus
- blasto dermatitidis
- histo capsulatum
- cladophilophora bantiana
Bentley VCNA 2018
44
What is the presentation of CNS cryptococcus?
| What is seen on MRI?
- forebrain or multifocal +/- cervical spinal cords, cerebellum
* cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, optic chiasm.
- Seizures
- occular lesions
- systemic disease
- yeast on CSF
MRI:
T1 hypointense
T2 hyperintense
Peripheral contrast enhancement
Parenchymal: ill defined enhancement, can be solitary (cats)
Meningeal enhancement: diffuse
Sinonasal disease:
- cribiform plate, frontal sinus and nasal cavity involvement.
Bentley VCNA 2018
45
What is the presentation of CNS aspergillus?
| What is seen on MRI?
- Azotaemia
- soteomyelitis
- lymphadenopathy
- ME
* forebrain, brainstem, - multifocal.
MRI:
T1 - iso to hypointense
T2 + FLAIR - hyperintense
Contrast enhancing
Heterogenous
Intra axial
Meningeal enhancement
+/- nasal/occular chiasm.
Sinonasal disease:
- contrast enhancing nasal mass and frontal lobme mass
- extensive adjacent brain oedema
- optichaisms enhancement (cat. afumigatus)
Bentley VCNA 2018
46
What is the presentation of CNS blastomycosis?
| What is seen on MRI?
- multifocal.
no sinonasal lesions.
*forebrain, brainstem, multifocal
```
MRI
T1 hypointense
T2 hyperintense
Marked perilesional oedema
Strongly contrast enhancing lesion
Meningies contrast enhancing.
```
Sinonasla lesions:
- seizures and forebrain deficits
- mass spaning nasal cavity, cribiform plate, frontal olfactory and with intra-axial lesions.
Strong catrast enhancement fo mass, brain lession, meningies and 2 areas of ring enhancement.
- marked osteolysis
Ventriculitis:
- obstrucitve hydrocephalus and rapid neuro decline (haematogenous spread)
- periventricular districubsion with pyogran inflam in and around ventricles (latera and 3rd most common)
- meningitis
MRI:
T2 hyperintense = [periventricular
Periventicular contrast enchancement esp around rostral horns.
Bentley VCNA 2018
47
What is the presentation of CNS histoplasmosis?
| What is seen on MRI?
Histoplasma:
- diarrhoea
- multisystemic disease
- ME (seizures, vestibular, + organisms in CSF)
- chronic granulomatous change in brain.
No MRI findings available.
Bentley VCNA 2018
48
What causes of fungal ventriculitis have been noted?
```
Blasto dermatitidis (d)
Trichosporon montevideense (d)
Crypto (D + C)
Phyoma eupyrena (c)
```
Bently VCNA 2018
49
What is the median survival of dogs with disseminated aspergillus treated with posaconazole? Did anything improve survivl?
240 days
improved with concurrent terbinafine treatments
relapse frequent
Corrigan JVIM 2016
50
What is a newly described treatment option for sino-nasal aspergillosis in dogs?
is this safe to use in dog with calvarium damage?
Debridemen and irigation with 1% clotrimazole cream but via catheter placed retrograde directly ito the frontal sinus (no trephination) - Seldinger technique.
Repeat every 2 weeks until culture and histo negative.
Safe in dogs with calvarium damage.
51
lytic lesions up to what size in the cribaform plate are not considered contraindications to topical therapy for sinonasal aspiergillosis?
16 x 22mm2
Belda JVIM 2017
52
What serum Ig is most useful in the detection of feline URT aspergillosis?
IgG >IgA
IgG:
Sens 95.2%
Spec 92..7%
IgA:
Sens: 78%
Spec: 96%
Tapylor JVIm 2016
53
What coaculation changes are noted with blastomycosis?
- hypercoagulable on TEG
- hyperfibrinogenaemia
- increased TAT conc
McMichael JVIM 2015
54
What changes associated with vitamin D are seen in dogs with blasto?
- reduced 25(OH)D (not assoc with survival)
- reduced PTH
- increased iCa++
O'Brien, JVIM 2017
55
What factors are associated with reduced survivial in patient with blasto?
- lactate
- bone, skin and LN involvement
- number of sites affected
- presence of resp signs.
O'Brien JVIM 2017
56
What percentage of patients with coccidioidomycosis have renal abnormalities?
- azotaemia
- proteinuria
- UPC> 3
What are the possible causes of these renal changes?
- azotaemia 13%
- proteinuria 63%
- UPC> 3 25%
>50% of those biopsied had evidence of immune complex glomerulonephritis.
33% had granulomatous nephritis.
Mehrkens JVIM 2016
57
What is the main clinical presentation for dogs with coccidioidomycosis?
- pulmonary (inhaled) 80%
interstitial to nodular pattern with hilar LN enlargement.
- disseminated 20%
possibly renal/PLN signs.
Mehrkens JVIM 2016
58
What is the sensitivity and specificity of:
- lateral flow crypto serum antigen test (immy)
- CryptoPS (biosynex)
Immy:
Sens 92%
spec 93%
Biosynth:
Sens 80%
Spec 94%
Reagan JCUM 2019
59
What is the sensitivity and specificity or percentage affected of urine and serum to detect histoplasmosis in cats:
- at the time of diagnosis
- remission
- relapse
- at the time of diagnosis
Urine: 95%
Serum 73%
- remission
Urine: sens 90%, spect 64%
Serum Sense 90%, spec 52%
- relapse
Urine: 100%
Serum 50%
Hanzlicek JVIM 2016
60
With treatment, what is the 6 month survival for cats with histoplasmosis?
67%
Rothenburg, JVIM 2018
61
What coag changes are noted with Angiostrongylus vasorum infection?
What improves these?
- Hyperfirbrinolysis
- Hypofibrinogenaemia 60% of those with hyperfribinolysis
+ reduced placetlest, Facto V and increased factor VIII +/- DIC
Hyperfibrinolysisi improves with TXA
hypofibrinogenaemia improved with FFP
Sigrist JVM 2017
62
Is there a difference in survivial time in bleending vs non bleeding patients with angiotrongylus vasorum infection?
What is the % survival to discharge?
no difference
survival to discharge 67%
Sigrist JVIM 2017
63
What tests should be used for diagnosis of angiostrongylus in dogs?
- ELISA for Antibiodies (bloods)
- qPCR on BAL fluid
As ELISA for antigen, baermann for first stage larvae and antiodetect rapid test all failed to confirm infection in close to 50% or more cases.
Canonne jVIM 2017
64
What clinicopathological markers are associated with non-survival in dogs with acute babesia infection?
***hyperlactataemia and leukopenia
others:
increased
- triglycerides
- phosphate
lower:
- HCT
- TP
- platelets
Eichenberger JVIM 2016
65
What treatment can be used for babesia gibsoni in dogs for 10 days?
What is the success of this?
How is success defined?
Azithromycin 10mg/kg PO q24h
+
Atovaquone 13.4mg/kg PO q8h with fatty meal
for 10 days
Success - 93%
Success defined as 2 x negative PCR tests at days 30 and 60 +/- 90 days. 90% negative at 30 and 60 days
Kirk JVIM 2017
66
What concurrent vector bourne organisims may be seen with Babesia conradae infection?
What is this disease associated with?
- mycoplasma haemocanis
- candidatus mycoplasma haematoparvum
- E. canis
- a hepatozoon felis liek organism
+/- bartonella
Coyote hunting/interactions
Dear JVIM 2017
67
What are the clinical signs of infection with Babesia conradae?
Anaemia (haemolytic), leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminand and hyperglobulinaemia.
Lower:
- HCT
- Leukocyte cound
- MCHC
- PLT
- Albumin
higher:
- MCV
- MPV
- Globumins
Dear JVIm 2017
68
What is resistance to atovaquone in babesia gibsoni associated with which mutation?
What is the percentage of cases with this in the USA?
are there particular breeds at risk?
Resistance to atovaquone is associated with mutation in the mitochodiral genoma at the M128 position of cytochrome b.
prevalence was 3.5%, but increase to 12.1%
More common in AmStaf/Pitbulls.
Birkenheuer JVim 2018
69
What is the sensitivity and specificity of the insulated isothermal PCR for dogs at high risk of babesia gibsoni.?
iiPCR for b. gibsoni
Sens: 90%
spec 99%
all babesia:
Sens 87%
Spec 98%
Fails to identify 10-15% of true infected dogs.
Cooke JVIM 2018
70
What is the prevalence of babesia in dogs in north america?
2.9%
Barash JVIM 2018
71
What co-infections occur wiht b. vulpes?
| what clinicopathological signs are seen in dogs with B. vulpes?
B. vulpes +
- mycoplsma
- Dirofilaria immitis
- Bolmachia
- Bartonell
- Ehrlichia
- Rickettsia
Clin path:
- anaemia
- thrombocytopenia
- hyperglobulinaemia
- hypoalbuminaemia
- proteinuria
barash JVIm 2018
72
What changes with acute phase proteins and lipids/lipoporteins are noted in dogs with babesia infections?
- increased serum amyloid A
- lower cholesterol, phosphlipid and a-lipoproteins
- increased serum apoliporpotein A-1 suggestive of altered reverse cholesterol transport.
Milanovic JVUM 2018
73
How long can E. ewingii infection persist after natural tick exposure?
Intermittently detected up to 733 days post exposure.
Starkey JVIM 2015
74
Why might some dogs with clinically relavant thrombocytopenia secondary to E. canis infection not develop clinical bleeding?
- hypercoagulable
- hypofibrinolyitic states.
- activated platelet
Shropshire JVIM 2017
75
What tick spreads E. canis?
| What treatments can be used for E.canis?
Rhipicephalalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)
Doxycycline 10mg/kg PO q24 for 28d. (all were neg at 3 weeks)
Minocycline 10mg/kg BID for 28d. may be better for CNS fiven greater lipophilic propertites and higher tissue concentrations.
Jenkins JVIM 2018
76
What are common presentations of E. ewingii?
what are common clinpath abnormalities?
what other vector bourne pathogens are common with E. ewingii?
Ehrilichia: fever, lamenes, polyarthrytis with joint pain
- renal diseae
- IMHA
Clin path:
- abnormal lymphocytes
- neutrphilia
- increased ALP, ALT and SDMA
- proteinuria
Other vector bourne pathogens with ehrlichia:
- Rickettsia rickettsii 30%
- Bartonella 2.6%
- Borrelia burgforferi 2.4%
Qurollo JVIM 2018
77
What additional test can be used to minimize difference in commercial in clinic immunoassay sensitvities for giardia detection?
What is the gold standard for giardia detection?
ZnSO4 centrifugal faecal float
IFA for giardia
Saleh JVUM 2018
78
What are the treatment options for colonic pythiosis?
| Why is medical treatment difficult?
- aggressive surgery
- Itraconazole, terbinafine and pred
Medical treatment has previously been unrewarding because oomycete is lacking ergosterol in the cell membrane, which is usually the target of antifungals.
Reagan JVIM 2019
79
What is the theoretic mechanism by which TriTrichomonas foetus causes diarrhoea.
What type of diarrhoea?
- Large bowel diarrhoea
contact with epithelium => increased tight junction permeability + epithelial cell detachement and apoptosis + secretory protein increase epith cell lysis
=> inflam + Elyte changes
=> diarrhoea
Tolbert JVUM 2016
80
What disease does trypanosoma cruzi cause?
What is its vector?
What is the prevalence in Texas?
What co-infections are noted with it?
- Chagas disease/american trypanosomiasis - fatal heart disease
- vector = triatomine insect
- prevalence in texas - 18%
- Coexposure:
- Dirofilaria - 16%
- Anaplasma 6.9%
- Ehrlichia 3,6%
- Borrelia burgdorferi 0.2%
Hodo JVIM 2018
81
What are presenting signs of Chagas disease in texas dogs?
where are these dogs found in USA?
- younger
- non-sporting or toy breed eg breeds that often have heart disease...
- ventricular arrhythmia
- combined ECG abnormalities
- cardiact troponin I > 0.129ng/mL
texas, tennessee, georgia, virgina, Lousiana, Oklahoma
Meyers JVIM 2018
82
What are the 4 mechanisms of Chagas heart disease?
1. Parasite induced damage to heart tieeus
2. Cardiac dysautonomia and microvasc circulation disturbances
3. Immune med myocardial injury
4. neurogenic disorders.
Meyers JVIm 2018
83
What are common signs of acute Chagas disease?
- lethargy
- generalized lymphadenopathy
- signs of CHF - pale MM, slow CrT, weak pulses, ascites, enlarged liver
- enlarged spleen
- Sudden death.
Meyers JVIM 2018
84
What are signs of chronic Chagas heart disease?
What medications can be use?
Ventricular arrhythmia - VPC with potential to progress to Vtach
=> myocardial dysfunction => failure.
Benznidazole may temporarly reduce parasite load but doesn't improve CHF.
Meyers JVIm 2018
85
```
What are the clinical signs of feline bartonella infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
```
Clinical signs:
1. Asymptomatic
2. Fever, lethargy, lympadenopathy
3. Mild CNS signs
4. Inflam leukogram, neutropaenia, eosinophilia,
5. Anaemia
6. Thrombocytopenia
7. Hyperglobulinaemia
Spread: via fleas/arthropod vectors
Localizes: RBC, macrophages, endothelial cells and pericytes => persistent infections/incidental finding
Diagnosis:
- PCR, alphaproteobacterium growth medium enhanced PCR, - risk of false negative
- culture
- Antibody detection via IFA or western blot.
Treatment:
- Doxy 10mg/kg PO q12h + pradofloxacin 5-10mg/kg PO q12-24h
- Pradofloxacin 7.5mg/kg PO q12h
Qurollo VCNA 2019
86
```
What are the clinical signs of feline cytauzoonosis infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
What regions of USA?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
```
```
Cytauxzoonosis
Signs: secondary to thrombi
1. Aymptomatic
2. Fever, anorexia, lethargy, generalized pain
3. Dysponea, icterus
4. Pancytopenia
5. Neuro
6. MODS
7. Sudden death
```
Spread: tick - dermacentor variablilis or amblyomma americanum, or blood transufsion.
Localizes: Monocytes or Macrophages
Found in south, mid-atlantic and possibly NE USA.
April to sept.
Diagnosis
- Microscopy: blood, liver, spleen, LN => schizonts in Macrophages.
- PCR - most sensitive
treatment:
Atovaquone 15mg/kg PO q8h + azithromycine 10mg/kg PO q24h for 10 days. + supportive care, anticoags, blood transfusion etc.
Qurollo VCNA 2019
87
```
What are the clinical signs of feline anaplasma infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
What regions of USA?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
```
```
Anaplasma
Signs:
1. Asymptomatic
2. Non-specific: fever lethargy, anorexim dehydration. lethargy, abdo pain
3. Polyarthritis
4. Epistaxis
5. Anaemia and thrombocytopenia.
```
Spread: Tick - ixodies.
Localizes: haematopoetic cells (intracellular)
USA: NE and mid-atlantic states.
Diagnosis:
- Antibodies - IFA, ELISA
- PCR
- cytology: morulae in neutrophils, PLT, lymphocytes or monocytes.
Treatment:
Docycyline 10mg/kg PO Q24h for 28d.
Minocycline?
Qurollo VCNA 2019
88
```
What are the clinical signs of feline ehrlichiosis infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
What regions of USA?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
```
```
Ehrlichosis
Signs:
1. Non-specific: fever lethargy,
2. Joint pain
3. non-regen anaemia
4. Thrombocytopenia
5. Lymphopenia and monocytosis
6. Increased globulins.
```
Spread: Tick - A.americanum, R. samguineus
Localizes: neutrophil and monocytes.
USA: uncommon. Noted in Sth america and europe.
Diagnosis:
- Antibodies - IFA, ELISA
- PCR
- cytology: morulae in neutrophils, PLT, lymphocytes or monocytes.
Treatment:
Docycyline 10mg/kg PO Q24h for 28d.
Minocycline?
Qurollo VCNA 2019
89
```
What are the clinical signs of feline borreliosis infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
What regions of USA?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
```
Borreliosis:
Lyme: B. burgdorferi
1. Non-specific: lethargy, inappetance, fever
2. Lame, ataxia
Relapsing fever borrelia: various Borrelia spp:
1. non-specific: lethargy, fever
2. Anaemia
3. thrombocytopenia
Spread: - ticks
Lyme - Ixodes
Relapsing fever - hard and soft ticks or live
Localizes:
USA:
Lyme Burgdorferi - NE and mid atlantic states(maine/Maryland)
Relapidn fever - other- Maryland. uncommon generally.
Diagnosis:
Lyme: Antiboidies - ELISA. PCR from tick attachment, CSF, joint fluid etc but not blood.
RFB - cytology of spirochetes on blood smear or PCR
treatment:
?
Docycyline 10mg/kg PO q24h for 30 days.
Qurollo VCNA 2019
90
```
What are the clinical signs of feline hepatozoonosis infection?
How is it spread?
Where does it localize?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
```
Hepatozoonosis
Signs:
1. asymptoamtic
2. anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia,
3. Granulomatous cholangiohepatitis or lymphadenitisi
4. increased bilirubin, increased creat, increased globulins
5. Histocytic myocarditis
Spread: tick: R. sangueinous, A. maculatum or vertical transmission. may be injecested??
Localize:
- leukocytes
- muscles (cardiac and striated)
Diagnosis:
- Histo/cytology - gamonts inside leukocytes
- PCR (buffy coat)
treatment:
?
oxytet and primaquine??
Qurollo VCNA 2019
91
what is the prevalence of subclinical bacteruria in older cats?
How much more likely are female cats than male to have subclinical bacteruria?
Prevalence 10-13%
Female cats 21 x more likely to have positive urine than males.
No treatment not associated with survival
White JVIM 2016
92
what are the most common UTIs in dogs?
Ecoli
Staph
Enterococcus (likely seconday)
Wong JVOM 2015
93
What percentage of canine ecoli UTIs are capable of forming biofilms?
52%
Kern JVIM 2018
94
What type of urine is more likely to have higher growths of Ecoli?
- neutral to acid
- diluted
Thronton JVIM 2018
95
What strain of Ecoli may be useful to prevent colonization of uropathogenic Ecoli in UTIs?
ASB Ecoli 2-12
Segev JVIM 2018
96
What is the most common pathogen and presentation (severity and acuteness) of canine pyelonephritis?
- Ecoli
- Chronic (55%)
- Severe (61%)
Bouillon JVIm 2018
97
What are potential risk factors for candida UTI in dogs and cats?
- Antibacterial drugs within the preceeding 30 days
- Immunosuppreesion (dogs)
- Lower UT disease other than infection (cats)
reagan JVIM 2018
