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SOPHIE'S ESA 3 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define ventilation.

A

The process by which we draw air into our lungs. This involves expansion of the chest during inspiration.

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2
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

The lung volume representing the volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation.

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3
Q

What is the term used to describe the extra volume of air that can be breathed in, over that at rest?

A

The inspiration reserve volume.

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4
Q

What is the term used to describe the extra volume that can be breathed out, over that at rest?

A

The expiration reserve volume.

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5
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure?

A

101kPa.

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6
Q

What is the equation relating force, pressure and area?

A

Pressure=force/area.

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7
Q

What is the kinetic theory of gases?

A

Gases are a collection of molecules moving around a space, generating pressure by colliding with walls. As collisions become more frequent and harder, the pressure increases.

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8
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure a gas exerts in a total pressure. It is proportional to the percentage volume of that gas in the mixture.

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9
Q

Outline how you would calculate the partial pressure of oxygen in a mixture at atmospheric pressure.

A

101kPa X 0.21 = 21.2kPa.

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10
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume if the temperature and number of molecules remain constant.

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11
Q

Describe how Boyle’s law applies to the lungs during inspiration and exhalation.

A

As the lungs expand in inspiration, the volume of the lungs increase, therefore the pressure of the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure. Air flows from the atmosphere into the lungs.
As the lungs lose volume during exhalation, the volume decreases and the pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure. The air flows out of the lungs.

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12
Q

What is Charles’s law?

A

That pressure is directly proportional to temperature, providing the volume and number of molecules remain constant.

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13
Q

What is the Saturated Vapour Pressure (SVP)?

A

The pressure that water vapour exerts when gas and water are in equilibrium with each other. Depends on temperature.

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14
Q

What is the SVP at 37oC?

A

6.28kPa

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15
Q

What is gas tension?

A

The pressure exerted by the dissolved gases in the liquid.

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16
Q

What is the respiratory rate? What is a normal value for this?

A

It is the number of breaths taken in one minute.

14-16 breaths

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17
Q

What is the pathway of air in the airways? (9 steps)

A

Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs.

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18
Q

What two characteristics does the pulmonary circulation have?

A

Low resistance

Low pressure

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19
Q

From CVS module, what is ventilation perfusion matching?

A

The optimal ventilation/perfusion ratio is 0.8.
It is the concept of diverting blood away from poorly ventilated alveoli to ensure that well ventilated alveoli are well perfused.
This is achieved by hypoxia pulmonary vasoconstriction- this increases resistance and therefore lowers blood flow to poorly ventilated areas.

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20
Q

Describe the apex of the lung, relative to the clavicle.

A

It is approx. 3cm above the medial 1/3 of the clavicle.

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21
Q

What are lines of pleural reflection?

A

The lines along which the parietal pleura changes direction from its costal surface to the diaphragmatic and mediastinal surfaces.

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22
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

The right lung has 3 lobes, whilst the left has 2.

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23
Q

What are horizontal fissures?

A

The line that separates the upper and middle lobes of the right lung.

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24
Q

What are oblique fissures?

A

Lines that separate the upper and lower lobes of the lungs.

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25
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura that encase the lungs.

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26
Q

What is the lung Hilum?

A

The space where structures enter and leave the lungs. Found on the mediastinal surface.

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27
Q

Why is the concavity of the right lung base greater than the left?

A

Due to the presence of the liver.

28
Q

What is the costo-diaphragmatic recess?

A

The inferior part of the pleural cavity not occupied by the lung.

29
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

The notch in the left lung at the 4th costal level.

30
Q

Where do the lungs cross:

  • the 8th rib?
  • the 10th rib?
  • the 12th rib?
A

8th- at the mid-clavicular line
10th- at the mid-axillary line
12th- at the scapular line

31
Q

What is the major difference between the bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Bronchi have cartilage in the walls, where as bronchioles don’t.

32
Q

Define the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

A

Upper- nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

Lower- trachea-> alveoli

33
Q

What are the conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory tract?

A

Conducting- nasal cavity-> terminal bronchioles

Respiratory- respiratory bronchioles-> alveoli.

34
Q

What is the epithelia present in the conducting portion (minus terminal bronchioles) of the respiratory tract?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated with goblet cells.

35
Q

What is the epithelia in the terminal bronchioles?

A

Simple columnar and Clara cells and cilia

36
Q

What is the epithelia in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract (minus alveoli)?

A

Simple cuboidal and Clara cells

37
Q

What is the epithelia present in alveoli?

A

Simple squamous.

38
Q

What is the structure of the vocal cords? (Superior->inferior)

A

False vocal cords
Ventricle
True vocal cord

39
Q

What can happen to the trachea with age?

A

The cartilage can ossify to bone.

40
Q

What are Clara cells?

A

They secrete a surfactant lipoprotein which prevents the bronchioles walls sticking together during expiration when the alveoli can’t hold them open.

41
Q

What are four features of alveolar walls that enhance gas exchange?

A
  • have abundant capillaries
  • are supported by a basketwork of reticular fibres and elastic fibres
  • have simple squamous epithelia
  • have type II alveolar cells which secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension.
42
Q

Outline the main functions of the respiratory system. (2)

A
  • to ensure that all tissues are supplied with the oxygen that they need.
  • to ensure that the carbon dioxide produced by metabolism is disposed of.
43
Q

What are the three functions of the nose?

A
  • respiration
  • smell
  • receive local secretions from the nasolacrimal duct and sinuses
44
Q

What is the name of the region that is responsible for smell?

A

The olfactory region

45
Q

What three things must happen to the inspired air?

A
  • filtration
  • warming
  • humidification
46
Q

What does the nasal septum do?

A

Divides the nasal cavity into the right and left cavities.

47
Q

What is the function of cilia in the nose/upper respiratory tract?

A

To trap and transport these particles and mucus to the orphanyx so they can be swallowed.

48
Q

Where are conchae found and what is their function?

A

They are found on the lateral aspect of each nasal cavity. They are responsible for causing turbulence of air; slowing it down o that it can be warmed and humidified.

49
Q

What is found beneath each conchae?

A

Meatuses

50
Q

Why does inspired air need to be warmed?

A

To prevent bronchoconstriction.

51
Q

What is the location of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Superior to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage.

52
Q

What are the three main functions of the URT?

A
  • conducting air from the atmosphere to the LRT
  • conditioning inspired air (warming, humidification, trapping particles)
  • protecting the airways during swallowing.
53
Q

Define aspiration.

A

The inhalation of food particles

54
Q

What is the location of the pharynx?

A

Between the rear of the nasal cavity and the larynx.

55
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx- only allows the passage of air.
  • oropharynx- allows the passage of air and food.
  • laryngopharynx- allows the passage of food and fluids.
56
Q

What is the significance of the rustic guan tube being connected to the middle ear cavity via the nasopharynx?

A

To allow middle ear pressure to be equalised to atmospheric pressure.

57
Q

What is the purpose of the conchae?

A

Increase surface area.

58
Q

What is the larynx?

A

A short cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx to the trachea.

59
Q

What are the three cartilaginous entities that make up the larynx?

A

Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage.

60
Q

Define glottis.

A

the vocal cords and the aperture between them.

61
Q

When are the vocal cords adducted and abducted respectively?

A

Adducted- during swallowing

Abducted- during respiration.

62
Q

When are the vocal cords partially closed?

A

During speech

63
Q

What is a consequence of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Paralysis of the vocal cord on the affected side. - hoarseness.

64
Q

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid.

65
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air containing cavities that drain into the nasal cavity.

66
Q

What is the Adam’s apple?

A

The laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

67
Q

What are the openings called through which the paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?

A

Ostia (ostium singular. )

SOPHIE'S ESA 3 (7 decks)

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