Infection 2

Question 1

What four micro-organisms make up the microbial world?

Answer 1

Bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

Question 2

Which organisms of the microbial world are eukaryotes? Name some features of eukaryotes (3)

Answer 2

Parasites and fungi.

Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, mitochondria

Question 3

Which micro-organism of the microbial world is a prokaryote?

Give some characteristic of prokaryotes. (5)

Answer 3

Bacteria

No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, circular DNA, cell wall, flagellum

Question 4

Give an example of a parasite

Answer 4

Plasmodium

Question 5

give an example of a worm Protozoa.

Answer 5

Flatworm

Question 6

Give an example of a yeast and mould fungi respectively.

Answer 6

Candida

Ringworm

Question 7

Give an example of a bacteria and virus respectively

Answer 7

E.coli

Norovirus

Question 8

Which infections are spread contiguosly?

Answer 8

Chicken pox, UTI

Question 9

Which infections are spread by inoculation? (2)

Answer 9

Rabies, tetanus

Question 10

Which infections are spread haematogenously? (2)

Answer 10

Infective endocarditis, HIV

Question 11

Which infections are spread via ingestion?

Answer 11

Norovirus, salmonella

Question 12

Which infections are spread via inhalation?

Answer 12

TB, influenza

Question 13

Which infections are spread via a vector (2)

Answer 13

Yellow fever, malaria

Question 14

Name an infection spread via vertical transmission.

Answer 14

HIV

Question 15

How can we prevent spread of infection? (4)

Answer 15

• health promotion
• wash hands
• vaccination
• alcohol gel

Question 16

What does bactericidal mean?

Answer 16

Kills bacteria

Question 17

What does bacteriostatic mean?

Answer 17

Prevents bacterial growth

Question 18

How can we classify antibacterial agents? (4)

Answer 18

• bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
• spectrum- broad or narrow
• target site
• chemical structure

Question 19

What are ideal features of antimicrobials? (6)

Answer 19

• long half life
• selectively toxic
• few adverse effects
• reach the infection site
• no interference with other drugs
• oral/IV formulation

Question 20

What are the three stages of horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 20

Conjugation, transduction, transformation

Question 21

How can we measure antibiotic activity on a micro-organism?

Answer 21

Disc testing- the wider the zine of inhibition, the better the response to the antibiotic.

Question 22

What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

Answer 22

It is the minimum concentration of antibiotic required to inhibit the bacteria.

Question 23

What are the two classes of antibacterials that affect cell wall synthesis?

Answer 23

Glycopeptides

Beta lactams

Question 24

Give an example of a glycopeptide and what micro-organisms it affects.

Answer 24

Vancomycin

Affects most gram positive bacteria.

Question 25

Give an example of a beta lactam group and what members of this group are active against. (3)

Answer 25

Penicillins Penicillin- streptococci Amoxicillin- gram negative bacteria Flucloxacillin- staph and strep

Question 26

What are the three groups that affect protein synthesis?

Answer 26

Tetracyclines Amino glycosides Macro life's

Question 27

What is tetracycline effective against?

Answer 27

Gram positive bacteria.

Question 28

Give an example of an amino glycoside and what it is effective against.

Answer 28

Gentamycin- gram negative bacteria.

Question 29

Give an example of a macrolide and what it is effective against.

Answer 29

Erythromycin - gram positives

Question 30

Name the two groups that affect nucleic acid synthesis.

Answer 30

Quinolones | Trimethoprim

Question 31

Give an example of a quinolone and what it is effective against.

Answer 31

Ciprofloxacin - gram negatives

Question 32

What is trimethoprim used to treat?

Answer 32

UTIs

Question 33

What groups affects cell membrane function?

Answer 33

Polymixins

Question 34

What two things do you need for infection to occur?

Answer 34

- pathogen | - patient