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A2 Biology > Respiration- Topic 5 > Flashcards

Respiration- Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process by which an organism extracts the energy stored in organic molecules and uses it to generate adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2—

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3
Q

What happens during aerobic respiration?

A

The respiratory substrate glucose is split in the presence of oxygen to release carbon dioxide and water. Lots of ATP is produced.

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4
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration: ethanol?

A

C6H12O6—>2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (+2ATP)

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5
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration: lactate?

A

C6H12O6—> 2C3H6O3 + (2ATP)

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6
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose is converted in the absence of oxygen to either lactate or ethanol.The ATP yield is low

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7
Q

Functions of a Mitochondria: they contain a highly folded inner membrane that holds respiratory enzymes

A

Which gives a large surface area for respiration

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8
Q

Functions of a Mitochondria: they have a double membrane that separates it from the cytoplasm

A

Which provides an isolated environment with optimum conditions for respiration

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9
Q

Functions of a Mitochondria: they have their own DNA and ribosomes

A

Which means they can manufacture their own enzymes

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10
Q

Why convert glucose into ATP?

A
  1. ATP releases its energy instantly in a single reaction.
  2. The hydrolysis of ATP releases a small amount of energy which is ideal for fuelling reactions in the body.
  3. Glucose adds osmotic potential which means water moves into the cell which will swell and burst.
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11
Q

Explain the two types of phosphorylation that occur during Respiration

A
  1. Substrate level: glycolysis and Krebs cycle. A single reaction involving the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a donor molecule to ADP.
  2. Oxidative: electron transport chain. A series of oxidation reactions that produce sufficient energy to form ATP
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12
Q

What are the 3 major coenzymes involved?

A

NAD- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

CoA- coenzyme A

FAD- flavine adenine dinucleotide

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13
Q

Role of NAD

A

Can accept a hydrogen molecule forming reduced NAD (NADH)

NAD+ + 2H—

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14
Q

Role of coenzyme A

A

Aids the transition between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle by converting pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A

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15
Q

Role of FAD

A

Can accept hydrogen to form reduced FAD

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16
Q

Why is it crucial that the bonds between coenzyme and product break after a reaction?

A

So that coenzyme concentration will not drop which would limit respiratory rate

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17
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

Matrix

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19
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix

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20
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Cristae

21
Q

The process of Glycolysis

A
  1. ATP is used to phosphorylate 2 Pi onto 6-carbon glucose.
  2. Cleavage of phosphorylated glucose= 2X triose phosphate
  3. Each triose phosphate molecule is converted into GP. This step is oxidation where 2 hydrogen atoms from each triose phosphate is removed and accepted by NAD. This produces ATP.
  4. GP is now converted into pyruvic acid. This step releases sufficient energy to form a molecule of ATP for each reaction.
22
Q

The process of the link reaction

A
  1. The Pyruvic acid molecules diffuse into the matrix.
  2. Each 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecule is converted into a 2 carbon compound called acetyl CoA (done by CoA) through oxidation (removal of 2 hydrogen’s which are accepted by NAD)
  3. CO2 is removed from pyruvic acid to reduce the number of carbon atoms to 2. CoA is recycled
  4. This two carbon compound enters the Krebs cycle
23
Q

The process of the Krebs cycle

A
  1. The 2 carbon compound joins the 4 carbon compound to make 6C Citric acid.
  2. Decarboxylation and oxidation = reduced NAD and 5C
  3. Decarboxylation and oxidation = reduces NAD and 4C. A molecule of ATP is generated.
  4. Oxidation= reduced FAD and 4C
  5. Oxidation= reduced NAD and 4C
  6. At the beginning again.
24
Q

Which processes are happening twice for every glucose molecule?

A

Link reaction and Krebs cycle

25
Q

What are the conjugated proteins that are the carriers in the ETC called?

A

Cytochromes

26
Q

How do hydrogen atoms get to the ETC?

A

The reduced carriers NAD and FAD formed during glycolysis, link reactions, and the Krebs cycle transport the pairs of hydrogen atoms to the ETC.

27
Q

The process of the ETC

A
  1. Each hydrogen atom splits into an electron and a hydrogen ion.
  2. Electrons passed through chain
  3. As electrons flow from carrier to carrier sufficient energy is generated to form ATP.
  4. Molecular Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons. Hydrogen bonds with oxygen to form water.
28
Q

For every reduced NAD how many ATP molecules are formed?

A

3

29
Q

For every reduced FAD how many ATP molecules are formed?

A

2

30
Q

How many ATP molecules are used in glycolysis?

A

2

31
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed during glycolysis?

A

4

32
Q

What is the net production of ATP from one glucose molecule?

A

NADH= 30
FADH= 4
ATP made- used= 4

NET= 38

33
Q

Why is 38 ATP molecules a theoretical yield that is not achieved?

A
  1. Pyruvic acid is actively transported into the matrix
  2. If alcohol is consumed NAD is used in the liver to break it down= less available for respiration
  3. Some energy used in chemiosmosis to pump H ions
34
Q

What is the chemiosmosis theory?

A

The energy in a chemical gradient established by electron movement is used to generate ATP

35
Q

What is proton motive force?

A

Hydrogen ions are actively transported into the intermembrane space using the energy provided as the electrons pass along the electron transport chain. This results in a higher pH and concentration, Forming a pH gradient and since they are positive hydrogen ions there is also an electrochemical gradient.

36
Q

How can the hydrogen ions cross back into the matrix?

A

Through pores on the stalked particles that have an ATPase enzyme associated. As hydrogen ions move down the concentration gradient energy drives the synthesis of ATP.

37
Q

What is the evidence for Chemiosmosis?

A
  1. The proton gradient across the inner membrane can be measured as it corresponds to pH gradient.
  2. Isolated ATP synthase enzymes can produce ATP using a proton gradient even if no electron transport is occurring.
  3. Chemicals that block the electron transport chain inhibit the formation of a proton gradient and prevent ATP synthesis.
38
Q

What are the 4 main electron carriers involved in the electron transport chain?

A
  1. Coenzymes NAD and FAD
  2. Cytochromes
  3. Cytochrome oxidase
  4. Oxygen
39
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Breaking down sugar in the absence of oxygen

40
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Only thrive in oxygen deficient conditions such as tetanus

41
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Organisms that can respire both anaerobically and aerobically example yeast cells

42
Q

The process of anaerobic respiration

A
  1. Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvic acid which yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH2
  2. The H atoms from NADH2 are used to reduce pyruvic acid to lactic acid when no oxygen.
43
Q

What is used to absorb CO2 in a respirometer

A

Soda like or potassium hydroxide

44
Q

What makes the manometer fluid move in a respirometer?

A

As oxygen is used the pressure reduces so the fluid moves towards the organism.

45
Q

Respiratory substrates

A

Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein

46
Q

What is the difference in energy of a respiratory substrate due to?

A

Amount of hydrogen atoms present. If more hydrogen atoms are available to reduce coenzymes more energy is generated in ETC

47
Q

What is respiratory quotient and how is it calculated?

A

Ratio of the volume of CO2 produced to the volume of oxygen used in the same time

Volume of CO2 given out divided by volume of O2 taken in.

48
Q

What does respiratory quotient give an indication of?

A

What substrate is being used and whether it is aerobic or anaerobic

A2 Biology (19 decks)

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