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A2 Biology > Photosynthesis- Topic 5 > Flashcards

Photosynthesis- Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water (light energy) —> oxygen + glucose

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2
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O (light energy) —> 6O2 + C6H12O6

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3
Q

Why do plants photosynthesise?

A
  1. Energy for biological processes
  2. Organic molecules needed for growth
  3. Respiration (O2 is a product)
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4
Q

What else does photosynthesis benefit?

A
  1. If the plant is consumed organic molecules provide energy

2. Oxygen produced is released into the atmosphere and is available for other organisms

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5
Q

The structure of a leaf: waxy cuticle

A

Prevents water loss and allows the light needed for photosynthesis through

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6
Q

The structure of a leaf: upper epidermis

A

Protective layer that reduces water loss

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7
Q

The structure of a leaf: palisade cells

A

Packed with chloroplasts containing chlorophyll that trap light

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8
Q

The structure of a leaf: spongy mesophyll

A

Gas exchange

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9
Q

The structure of a leaf: lower epidermis

A

Guard cells that allow water and gases in and out

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10
Q

What is a photosynthetic pigment?

A

A coloured biological compound that is present in chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria which captures light energy for photosynthesis

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11
Q

What are the two types of photosynthetic pigments?

A

Chlorophyll and carotenoid

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12
Q

What is the absorption spectrum?

A

The range of amount of light of different wavelengths absorbed(Rate of absorption against wavelength)

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13
Q

What is the action spectrum?

A

The rate of photosynthesis against the wavelength of light

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14
Q

The structure of a chloroplast: double membrane

A

Controls what gets in and out of the cell

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15
Q

Structure of a chloroplast: inner membrane

A

Folded to form thylakoids

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16
Q

The structure of a chloroplast: thylakoids

A

Contains pigment. The first part of photosynthesis the light dependent reaction takes place here

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17
Q

The structure of a chloroplast: inter-granal thylakoid

A

Extensions of the membrane. Also used for light dependent reaction

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18
Q

The structure of a chloroplast: Granum

A

Stacks of thylakoids which increase surface area

19
Q

Structure of a chloroplast: stroma

A

Jelly like material that contains enzymes the second part of photosynthesis the light independent reaction takes place here

20
Q

Name 3 molecules involved in photosynthesis

A 
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
21
Q

What happens with ATP in the light dependent reaction?

A

ATP is synthesised from ADP + P- this is called phosphorylation. Since light energy is used here it is called photophosphorylation.

22
Q

What happens to ATP in the light independent reaction?

A

ATP is hydrolysed into ADP + P- when this bond is broken energy is released

23
Q

What are the nucleotides joined by in NADP?

A

Phosphate groups

24
Q

What can NADP accept? What does this cause?

A

NADP can accept electrons to be reduced NADP. (NADPH) this reduced NADP can be oxidised back to NADP releasing electrons.

25
Q

What is OILRIG?

A 
Oxidation 
Is 
Loss of electrons 
Reduction 
Is 
Gaining electrons
26
Q

What is the location of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis?

A

Thylakoids membrane

27
Q

What is situated in the thylakoids membrane?

A

Light harvesting Photosystems (I) (II) that have chlorophyll at their centres

28
Q

What are the products of the light dependent reaction that pass on to the light independent reaction?

A
  1. Reduced NADP

2. ATP

29
Q

What are the products of the light dependent reaction that leave the plant?

A

Oxygen molecule

30
Q

What are the products of the light dependent reaction that are reused in another part of the light dependent reaction?

A
  1. H+ ions

2. Electrons

31
Q

What is the location of the light independent stage of photosynthesis?

A

Stroma

32
Q

What are the products of the light independent reaction the pass back into the light dependent reaction?

A
  1. NADP
  2. ADP
  3. Inorganic phosphate
33
Q

What are the products of the light independent reaction that are used in other processes?

A

GALP is used to build carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids

34
Q

Using the products-GALP

A
  1. Used directly in glycolysis
  2. Some is converted to acetyl coenzyme A and used to synthesise lipids
  3. Gluconeogenesis- converted to glucose which can be further used to build up more complex carbohydrates.
35
Q

Alternative routes- what happens to plants in hot weather?

A
  • in hot conditions plants will close the stomata so less water is lost
  • this means less CO2 can get in and more O2 is trapped
  • O2 inhibits Rubisco
36
Q

Alternative routes- C4 pathway

A

An extra stage before photosynthesis which synthesises more carbon dioxide. It takes place in specialised cells near the surface.

37
Q

Alternative routes- CAM plants

A

Open stomata at night to allow CO2 through then uses a CO2 producing mechanism.

38
Q

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis- light intensity

A
  • as light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis increases.
  • until a plateau where a further increase in light intensity will not increase the rate of photosynthesis
  • this means something else is limiting it (probably CO2 concentration)
39
Q

What does light intensity affect?

A

-light intensity affects GALP- less reduced NADP and ATP from LD reaction= less GALP and more GP.

40
Q

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis- temperature

A
  • increasing the temperature increases the kinetic energy
  • this increases the successful collisions of enzyme and substrate
  • which increases the rate of photosynthesis
  • until the enzyme denatures with further temperature increase
41
Q

What does temperature effect?

A

Rubisco- no CO2 fixing= build up of RuBp

42
Q

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis- CO2 concentration

A
  • as CO2 concentration increases so does the rate of photosynthesis
  • until plateau
  • something else is limiting it (probably light intensity)
43
Q

What does CO2 concentration affect?

A

RuBp- less carbon fixing= more RuBp

44
Q

What is the compensation point?

A

When a plants photosynthesis rate= respiration rate (no oxygen will be released into the atmosphere)

A2 Biology (19 decks)

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