Non-bacterial Pathogens- Topic 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are the different species of influenza virus classed?

A

Differences in haemagglutinin and neuraminidase

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2
Q

Mode of transmission of influenza

A

Droplet, direct contact, indirect contact, air

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3
Q

What genetic material does influenza have?

A

RNA

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4
Q

What is a zoonotic infection and what is it likely to cause?

A

Crosses the species barrier- pandemic

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5
Q

Mode of infection- influenza

A

Cilliated epithelial cells- lysis of cells cause symptoms of disease

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6
Q

What is the danger of having damaged cells from influenza?

A

Secondary infection

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7
Q

Why is it important to vaccinate against influenza annually?

A

Because RNA is more prone to mutation

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8
Q

What is the antigenic shift and what is the effect of this?

A

Genetic reassortment of the virus that results in a unique change- no one has immunity so prone to pandemic

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9
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Point mutation of haemagglutinin/ neuraminidase gene results in slight alteration- some immunity

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10
Q

Mode of infection- stem rust fungus

A
  • spores land on host and use water to germinate
  • asexual
  • hyphae grows into the plant secreting enzymes to absorb nutrients
  • hyphae forms a mycelium hidden in the stem or leaves
  • teliospires affect Berberis
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11
Q

Mode of transmission- stem rust fungus- what does pattern show?

A
  • spores carried by wind

- pattern of infection helps determine if source is local or distant (broad)

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12
Q

Pathogenic effect of stem rust

A

Red pustules break through epidermis which contain spores

  • absorbs nutrients from plant
  • epidermis breaks-plant cannot control transpiration- entry to other pathogens- dry out
  • mycelium grows into vascular tissue absorbing plants water
  • weakens stem
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13
Q

How can stem rust be controlled?

A
  • increase spaces between crops= reduce moisture and increase distance the spore needs to travel
  • reduce fertilisers as nitrates help rust
  • use earlier maturing crops to beat rust life cycle
  • remove wild berberis to interrupt life cycle
  • fungicides
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14
Q

What is malaria?

A

Protozoa- single celled organisms spread by anopheles female mosquitos (vector)

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15
Q

Mode of infection- malaria

A

Parasite travels to liver- invades RBC and reproduces asexually- lysis of RBC- gametes infect mosquito

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16
Q

Problems with malaria being endemic

A
  • widespread
  • pathogen widespread- difficult to remove sources of infection
  • requires co-operation of population
  • costs a lot as many people are involved
17
Q

Pathogenic effect of malaria

A
  • flu like symptoms cause by bodies response to RBC lysis
  • liver damage
  • reduction in RBC= anaemia and weakness
  • worse if have a pre existing condition eg HIV
18
Q

Why is treatment of malaria difficult?

A

Parasite hides from immune system in bodies cells

19
Q

Treatment of malaria

A

Quinine and chloroquinine- need to be given soon after infection- limitation of resistance building
-anti malarial medicine- given to anyone travelling to infected countries

20
Q

Preventing malaria

A

Vaccine gives temporary protection
Mosquito nets sprayed in insecticide
Controlling mosquitos
Education

21
Q

Preventing parasitic breeding

A

Remove breeding sites
Dispose of sewage
Biological control- ensure breeding grounds contain mosquito eating predators
Chemical control- pesticides- however may endanger other biodiversity

22
Q

Social implications with preventing malaria

A

Persuading people to change social behaviour

23
Q

Economic implications of preventing malaria

A

If treatments are temporary is spending money worth the gain? Are there other areas it should be spent?

24
Q

Ethical implications of preventing malaria

A

Can everyone consent? Will insecticide kill other animals?

25
Q

How can we avoid overuse of expensive drugs in treating malaria?

A

Diagnosis- View parasite in the blood

26
Q

How to over come resistance in treating malaria

A

Different combinations