Respiration: Structures & Processes Flashcards
Provides the necessary air supply to produce speech
Respiration
The lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum and rib cage makes ____ possible
Respiration
Respiration involves rhythmic cycles of
inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (inspiration)
____ brings oxygen to the blood by drawing air into the lungs where an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Inhalation
___ helps get rid of mixed air and gases that result from respiratory metabolism
Exhalation
What part of the brainstem fires impulses to the respiratory muscles when an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood cells creates a need for oxygen?
Medulla Oblongata
The exchange of gas between an organism and its environment
Respiration
Provides the air supply needed to set teh vocal folds into vibration for speech.
Respiration
Speech is typically produced on
- Inhalation
- Exhalation
Exhalation
- Expiration is about 60% of normal tidal breathing cycle and inspiration is remaining 40% but ratio changes to 90% and 10% when breathing for speech.
Thus, longer and louder utterances may require deeper inhalations than usual (i.e. Singers)
Alveolar pressure is
- Outside of the lungs
- Within the lungs
WITHIN THE LUNGS
As the lungs expand for inhalation, alveolar pressure compared to atmospheric pressure (outside the lungs) is reduced.
Air moves through open laryngeal valve into lungs equalizing the pressure inside and outside the lungs.
Basic energy sourch for speech
Respiration (inhalation & expriration)
Basic process of inhalation
Inhalation
> chest and lungs expand
>diaphragm lowers
> air flows in through the nose and mouth
> air goes down the pharynx and between the open vocal folds
> air continues downward through the trachea and bronchial tubes
> air reaches final destination of the lungs
Exchage of gas in respiration is accomplished in the
_______.
LUNGS
- healthy lungs are soft, spongy, porous, eslastic and pink
- they have a rich vascular supply and numerous air sacs
At rest the lungs are fully inflated
True or False
FALSE!!
They are particually inflated to about 40% of their total capacity
The lungs are located in the abdominal cavity
T or F?
False
They are located in the Thoracic Cavity and take up most of the cavity’s space
Which lung is shorter, broader, bigger and has three lobes?
The Right Lung
- it is shorter broader and bigger because teh liver underneath forces it into a slightly upward direction.
- It has three lobes
Why is the left lung smaller?
Because the heart takes up some of the space
Which side of the lung has two lobes?
Left
___ are tubes that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea. They are composed ot cartilaginous rings bound together by fibroelastic tissue
Bronchi
The bronchi subdivide into ______ forming the _______ _____
bronchioles; bronchial tree
The bronchioles repeatedly divide until they become very thin. They communicate with the ____ ____ that open into tiny airsacs in the lungs
Alveolar ducts
The trachea is about ____ cm long, and formed by approximately ____ rings of cartilage
11 cm; 20 rings
The rings of cartilage are completed in the back where the trachea comes in direct contact with the esophagus
T or F
False;
The rings are incomplete where the trachea comes in direct contact with the esophagus.
Which tracheal cartilage is larger than the rest and connects to the inferior, or bottom border of the cricoid cartilage
The first tracheal cartilage
The spinal column consists of ___ to ___ individual vertebrae. These vertebrae are divided into ____ segments.
32 to 33 individual vertebrae; 5 segments
5 segments of the spinal column and the number of vertebrae
- 7 Cervical (C1-C7)
- 12 Thoracic (T1-T12)
- 5 Lumbar (L1-L5)
- 5 Sacral (S1-S5) fused in adults
- 3-4 Coccygeal (fused and acalled the coccyx)
Which vertebrae are small and in the neck?
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)
Vertebrae that provide points of attachment for the ribs
Thoracic (T1-T12)
The largest vertebrae of the spinal column, which makes them suitable for weight bearing functions
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Vertebrae fused together, forming the sacrum
Sacral - (S1-S5)
Vertebrae fused together forming the coccyx; often called the tail bone
Coccygeal Vertebrae (3-4)
Bone located on the superior, anterior thoracic wall, also called the breast bone
Sternum
3 parts of sternum
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid Process
Uppermost segment of the sternum that provides the attachment for the clavicle and first rib
Manubrium
Long and narrow part of sternum in which the cartilages of ribes 2 through 7 attach to
Body or corpus
Small cartilaginous structure found at bottom of body of sternum
xiphoid (or ensiform) process
Rib Cage
- aka Thoracic Cage, or chest
- 12 pairs of ribs that articulate posteriorly with the vertebral column and anteriorly with the sternum to form a cylindrical structure.
- Has a degree of mobility to elevate during inspiration
- houses and protects organs such as heart and lungs
Structures of the ribcage
- The sternum on anterior surface
- 12 thoracic vertebrae on posterior surface
- 12 pairs of ribs that connect laterally from vertebrae to individual costal cartilages
The primary muscle of inspiration that the lungs rest upon. Plays a major role in breathing and separates the abdoment from the thorax
Diaphragm
Central tendon of the diaphragm
Muscle fibers insert into the central tendon of the diaphragm and contract to pull the central tendon down and forward to expand the thoracic cavity.
Mucle that houses structures such as intestines, liver, kidneys.
Abdomen
Various abdominal muscles are critical in providing support for breathing
The muscles between the ribs critical for respiration that is composed of 11 pairs and pulls ribs downward to decrease the diameter of thoracic cavity for exhalation
Intercostal Muscles
11 paired muscles that raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation.
External intercostal muscles
Provides a large amount of total respiratory capacity by expanding the thoracic capacity making it crucial for speech breathing
External Intercostal Muscles
Performs a checking action to control the flow of air leaving the lungs during speech
External and Internal intercostal muscles
Other muscles that help elevate rib cage
- Serratus Posterior Superior
- levator costarum brevis
- levator costarum longis
- External Intercostal
3 Key accessory muscles of the neck involved in respiration
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Trapezius
- Scalenes
Neck muscle that elevates the sternum, thus indirectly elevates the rib cage
Sternocleidomastoid
Neck muscle that controsl the head and elongates the neck, indirectly influencing respiration
TRAPEZIUS
Neck muscles that stabilize and rotate the head; They are attached to the first two ribs and therefore indirectly enlarge the vertical dimension of the thorax
Muscles of the shoulder and upper arm that act to move the rib cage and increase or decrease its dimensions
- Pectoralis Major - increases transverse dimension of rib cage through elevation of sternum
- Pectoralis Minor - increases traverse dimension of rib cage
- Serratus anterior - Elevates ribs 1-9
- Levator scapulae - elevates scapula, supports neck
- Rhomboideus major - stabilizes shoulder girdle
- Internal intercostal - depresses ribs 1-11
- Innermost intercostal - depresses ribs 1-11
- Transversus thoracis - depresses ribs 2-6
Two posterior thoracic muscles involved in respiration;
both support exhalation
- subcostal muscle - depresses thorax
- serratus posterior inferior muscles - pull rib cage down and thus aid in exhalation
- https://youtu.be/i7g5xis0kwY
Muscles of expiration
- Latissimus dorsi - stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration
- Rectus abdominus - flexes vertebral column
- Transversus abdominis - compreses abdomen
- Internal oblique abdominis - compresses abdomen, flexes and rotates truck
- Quadratus lumborum - supports abdominal compression through bilateral contraction, which fixes abdominal walls
