Respiration III

Question 1

What is involved in control of airway diameter

Answer 1

airway smooth muscle, parasympathetic control, sympathetic control, NANC signalling

Question 2

What is NANC signalling

Answer 2

non adrenergic, non cholinergic signalling

Question 3

What is needed to initiate smooth muscle contraction

Answer 3

increased cytoplasmic calcium levels

Question 4

What activates myosin light chain kinase

Answer 4

calcium carmodulin complex

Question 5

What allows smooth muscle contraction to take place

Answer 5

phosphorylated myosin light chain

Question 6

What inhibits myosin light chain kinase

Answer 6

cyclic AMP

Question 7

What inhibits light chain phosphatase

Answer 7

Gq pathways

Question 8

What happens when light chain phosphatase is inhibited

Answer 8

muscle contraction

Question 9

What does the Gq pathway increase

Answer 9

calcium

Question 10

What is the importance of G proteins in smooth muscle contraction

Answer 10

activation of contraction

Question 11

What G pathways are involved in the control of airway smooth muscle

Answer 11

Gq, Gs, Gi

Question 12

What does the binding of agonists to the receptor in airway smooth muscle activate

Answer 12

activated form of Gq alpha subunit

Question 13

What does activated form of Gq stimulate

Answer 13

phospholipase C

Question 14

What does phospholipase C act on

Answer 14

PIP2

Question 15

what does IP3 stimulate

Answer 15

release of calcium from stores

Question 16

What does calcium bind to in the cytoplasmic space

Answer 16

carmodulin

Question 17

What is the function of calcium carmodulin

Answer 17

activate myosin light chain kinase

Question 18

what receptors act through the Gq pathway

Answer 18

M3 muscarinic receptors, H1 histamine receptors, BK bradykinin receptors

Question 19

What is the effect of Gq activation on smooth muscles

Answer 19

contraction

Question 20

What is the effect of Gs activation on smooth muscles

Answer 20

muscle relaxation

Question 21

What is the effect of hyper polarised membrane on calcium movement

Answer 21

reduces influx of calcium

Question 22

What receptors act in the Gs pathway

Answer 22

B2 adrenergic receptors and VIP receptors

Question 23

Which pathway inhibits the Gs pathway

Answer 23

Gi pathway

Question 24

What is the effect of the Gi pathway

Answer 24

opposes the relaxation of smooth muscle, inhibits BK potassium channel

Question 25

Which receptors are active in the Gi pathway

Answer 25

M2 muscarinic receptors

Question 26

Where are M2 receptors located

Answer 26

postganglionic terminal

Question 27

What are M2 receptors involved in

Answer 27

negative feedback system for Ach

Question 28

What neurotransmitter stimulates M3

Answer 28

Ach

Question 29

Where are M3 located

Answer 29

airway smooth muscle

Question 30

Where are M1 and M3 receptors also located

Answer 30

epithelial cells

Question 31

What is the effect of stimulating M1 and M3 cells in the submucousa gland

Answer 31

mucous production

Question 32

What does smooth muscle contraction in the airways cause

Answer 32

decreased air flow and increased resistance

Question 33

What is the importance of the M2 receptors on the nerve fibre

Answer 33

binding of Ach to M2 prevents over release of Ach

Question 34

What can disruption of the M2 negative feedback loop lead to

Answer 34

hypersensitivity of the airways

Question 35

What do B2 adreno receptors respond to

Answer 35

noradrenaline or adrenaline

Question 36

What nervous system uses B2 adrenoreceptors

Answer 36

sympathetic

Question 37

What is the final effect when an agonist binds to B2 adrenoreceptors

Answer 37

muscle relaxation

Question 38

What pathway does salbutamol stimulate

Answer 38

B2 adrenoreceptors

Question 39

What are the two NANC pathways

Answer 39

excitatory and inhibitory

Question 40

What does the excitatory NANC pathway cause

Answer 40

broncho constriction

Question 41

What are the transmitters involved in the NANC excitatory pathway

Answer 41

neuropeptide Y, nitric oxide and VIP

Question 42

what does the inhibitory NANC pathway cause

Answer 42

broncho relaxation

Question 43

What transmitters are involved in the NANC inhibitory pathway

Answer 43

substance P/neurokinin

Question 44

What are the two classes of asthma

Answer 44

Atopic and Non-Atopic

Question 45

Which type of asthma is linked to allergies

Answer 45

Atopic

Question 46

What is asthma

Answer 46

chronic airway disorder with variable and recurring symptoms

Question 47

What are the symptoms of asthma

Answer 47

airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper responsiveness, inflammation

Question 48

what is more likely in hyper responsiveness

Answer 48

airways will restrict

Question 49

What is the biology behind atopic asthma

Answer 49

elevated serum IgE levels, positive prick test to allergen

Question 50

What activates inflammatory cells in atopic asthma

Answer 50

hyper sensitivity of M2 receptor

Question 51

What is the biology behind non atopic asthma

Answer 51

non-positive skin prick test and normal IgE levels

Question 52

When is non atopic asthma most common

Answer 52

elderly, cold air, exercise induced asthma

Question 53

True or false - Ach can bind to different white blood cells and trigger inflammatory responses

Answer 53

true

Question 54

What was the effect of treatment for airway hyper sensitivity

Answer 54

decreased neuronal M2 function

Question 55

What clusters around nerve fibres

Answer 55

eosinophils

Question 56

What do eosinophils release

Answer 56

major basic protein

Question 57

What is the effect of major basic protein on M2 receptors

Answer 57

inhibits M2

Question 58

What is the effect of inhibiting M2

Answer 58

increases release of Ach

Question 59

What is the effect of increasing Ach levels

Answer 59

airway constriction

Question 60

What drugs can treat asthma

Answer 60

anti cholinergic drugs

Question 61

What is the advantage of anti cholinergic drugs

Answer 61

reverse broncho constriction and prevent mucous secretion

Question 62

What do anti cholinergic drugs inhibit

Answer 62

M1, M2, M3 receptors

Question 63

Which receptors do anti cholinergic drugs bind to the longest

Answer 63

M3

Question 64

Name a short lasting anti cholinergic

Answer 64

ipratropium

Question 65

Name a long lasting anti cholinergic

Answer 65

titropium

Question 66

What are anti cholinergics used alongside of

Answer 66

B2 adrenoreceptor agonists