Respiration II

Question 1

What is ventilation

Answer 1

volume of air moved out of the lungs per unit time

Question 2

What volume of air stays in the anatomical dead space

Answer 2

150mls

Question 3

What is alveolar ventilation

Answer 3

volume of fresh air reaching the respiratory zone

Question 4

What are the two zones of the respiratory system

Answer 4

conducting and respiratory

Question 5

What does ventllation rate determine

Answer 5

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli and arterial gas

Question 6

Where is the alveolar level of CO2 lowest

Answer 6

end of the capillary

Question 7

What is the effect of hyperventilation on the body

Answer 7

respiratory alkalosis

Question 8

What is excreted by alveolar ventilation

Answer 8

CO2

Question 9

What contributes to pH levels

Answer 9

CO2

Question 10

What increases when there is a high rate of gas turnover

Answer 10

oxygen concentration reaching the alveoli

Question 11

Where is the rate of ventilation highest

Answer 11

base of the lung

Question 12

What impacts starting volume of alveoli

Answer 12

posture, gravity

Question 13

Where is compliance highest

Answer 13

at the base

Question 14

Where is the alveoli starting volume largest

Answer 14

apex

Question 15

Where is the intrapleural space value most positive

Answer 15

base of the lung

Question 16

Where do alveoli have a higher density of surfactant

Answer 16

base of the lung

Question 17

What is the effect of alveolar expansion on surfactant

Answer 17

surfactant becomes diluted and moves against expansion

Question 18

Name a low pressure system

Answer 18

pulmonary circulation

Question 19

What is the function of the pulmonary system

Answer 19

bring blood back to the lungs

Question 20

What does resistance depend on

Answer 20

lung volume, respiratory cycle

Question 21

When is overall pressure at a minimum

Answer 21

at functional residual capacity

Question 22

What are the vessels in the pulmonary system

Answer 22

alveolar and extra alveolar

Question 23

what is the effect of alveoli expansion on capillaries

Answer 23

lumen of capillaries narrow, resistance increases

Question 24

what is the effect of inspiration of alveolar vessels resistance

Answer 24

increases

Question 25

What is the effect of inspiration on extra alveolar resistance

Answer 25

decreases

Question 26

How do blood vessels accommodate extra blood flow

Answer 26

recruitment of capillaries in lungs and round alveoli

Question 27

Example of when redundant capillaries are recruited

Answer 27

increased exercise or blood flow

Question 28

why do we need redundant capillaries

Answer 28

prevent pulmonary resistance rising too high

Question 29

What is transmural pressure

Answer 29

difference between the pressure in the blood and in the alveoli

Question 30

What is alveolar pressure relative to

Answer 30

barometric pressure

Question 31

How many zones of the lung are there

Answer 31

4

Question 32

Which lung zone rarely occurs

Answer 32

zone 1

Question 33

When does zone 1 occur

Answer 33

when partial pressure is high or during haemorrhage

Question 34

where is blood flow low

Answer 34

apex of the lung

Question 35

Why is blood flow low at apex of the lung

Answer 35

negative transmural pressure

Question 36

What is the effect of negative transmural pressure

Answer 36

capillaries are crushed down and blood flow through the capillaries is LOW

Question 37

Describe the capillaries in zone 2 of the lung

Answer 37

partly open, partly reduced

Question 38

Where does the effect of compression occur on the capillaries in zone 2

Answer 38

end of the capillary

Question 39

What zone is level with the heart

Answer 39

zone 3

Question 40

Describe the capillaries in zone 3

Answer 40

expand as they go through the alveolar bed

Question 41

What is the benefit of capillary expansion

Answer 41

higher rate of perfusion

Question 42

which zones vessels are under the highest influence from the intrapleural pressure

Answer 42

zone 4

Question 43

What is the effect of intrapleural pressure on capillaries in zone 4

Answer 43

compression

Question 44

what is the effect of increased CO2 on blood vessels

Answer 44

constriction

Question 45

What happens to the ventilation perfusion ratio if alveoli aren't being ventilated

Answer 45

ventilation perfusion ratio drops to 0

Question 46

Where is the ventilation perfusion ratio highest

Answer 46

apex

Question 47

How would the body compensate if a group of alveoli are not receiving blood

Answer 47

would receive reduced blood flow and ventilation

Question 48

What is a shunt

Answer 48

something blocking an airway

Question 49

How would the body compensate for a ventilation perfusion ratio of 0

Answer 49

bronchiole dilation and vasoconstriction

Question 50

What happens if there is ventilation but no perfusion

Answer 50

the ventilation perfusion ratio becomes infinity