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BMS 242 CVS & Respiration > Respiration II > Flashcards

Respiration II Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation

A

volume of air moved out of the lungs per unit time

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2
Q

What volume of air stays in the anatomical dead space

A

150mls

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3
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

volume of fresh air reaching the respiratory zone

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4
Q

What are the two zones of the respiratory system

A

conducting and respiratory

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5
Q

What does ventllation rate determine

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli and arterial gas

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6
Q

Where is the alveolar level of CO2 lowest

A

end of the capillary

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7
Q

What is the effect of hyperventilation on the body

A

respiratory alkalosis

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8
Q

What is excreted by alveolar ventilation

A

CO2

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9
Q

What contributes to pH levels

A

CO2

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10
Q

What increases when there is a high rate of gas turnover

A

oxygen concentration reaching the alveoli

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11
Q

Where is the rate of ventilation highest

A

base of the lung

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12
Q

What impacts starting volume of alveoli

A

posture, gravity

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13
Q

Where is compliance highest

A

at the base

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14
Q

Where is the alveoli starting volume largest

A

apex

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15
Q

Where is the intrapleural space value most positive

A

base of the lung

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16
Q

Where do alveoli have a higher density of surfactant

A

base of the lung

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17
Q

What is the effect of alveolar expansion on surfactant

A

surfactant becomes diluted and moves against expansion

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18
Q

Name a low pressure system

A

pulmonary circulation

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19
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary system

A

bring blood back to the lungs

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20
Q

What does resistance depend on

A

lung volume, respiratory cycle

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21
Q

When is overall pressure at a minimum

A

at functional residual capacity

22
Q

What are the vessels in the pulmonary system

A

alveolar and extra alveolar

23
Q

what is the effect of alveoli expansion on capillaries

A

lumen of capillaries narrow, resistance increases

24
Q

what is the effect of inspiration of alveolar vessels resistance

A

increases

25
Q

What is the effect of inspiration on extra alveolar resistance

A

decreases

26
Q

How do blood vessels accommodate extra blood flow

A

recruitment of capillaries in lungs and round alveoli

27
Q

Example of when redundant capillaries are recruited

A

increased exercise or blood flow

28
Q

why do we need redundant capillaries

A

prevent pulmonary resistance rising too high

29
Q

What is transmural pressure

A

difference between the pressure in the blood and in the alveoli

30
Q

What is alveolar pressure relative to

A

barometric pressure

31
Q

How many zones of the lung are there

A

4

32
Q

Which lung zone rarely occurs

A

zone 1

33
Q

When does zone 1 occur

A

when partial pressure is high or during haemorrhage

34
Q

where is blood flow low

A

apex of the lung

35
Q

Why is blood flow low at apex of the lung

A

negative transmural pressure

36
Q

What is the effect of negative transmural pressure

A

capillaries are crushed down and blood flow through the capillaries is LOW

37
Q

Describe the capillaries in zone 2 of the lung

A

partly open, partly reduced

38
Q

Where does the effect of compression occur on the capillaries in zone 2

A

end of the capillary

39
Q

What zone is level with the heart

A

zone 3

40
Q

Describe the capillaries in zone 3

A

expand as they go through the alveolar bed

41
Q

What is the benefit of capillary expansion

A

higher rate of perfusion

42
Q

which zones vessels are under the highest influence from the intrapleural pressure

A

zone 4

43
Q

What is the effect of intrapleural pressure on capillaries in zone 4

A

compression

44
Q

what is the effect of increased CO2 on blood vessels

A

constriction

45
Q

What happens to the ventilation perfusion ratio if alveoli aren’t being ventilated

A

ventilation perfusion ratio drops to 0

46
Q

Where is the ventilation perfusion ratio highest

A

apex

47
Q

How would the body compensate if a group of alveoli are not receiving blood

A

would receive reduced blood flow and ventilation

48
Q

What is a shunt

A

something blocking an airway

49
Q

How would the body compensate for a ventilation perfusion ratio of 0

A

bronchiole dilation and vasoconstriction

50
Q

What happens if there is ventilation but no perfusion

A

the ventilation perfusion ratio becomes infinity

BMS 242 CVS & Respiration (10 decks)

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