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Biology (AQA GCSE) > Respiration/Heart/Lungs (Bio) > Flashcards

Respiration/Heart/Lungs (Bio) Flashcards

1
Q

aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

  • exothermic
  • 38 ATP released
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2
Q

where to get reactants for aerobic respiration

A

glucose from digestion of food (stored in muscles and liver as glycogen)
oxygen from blood

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3
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place

A

in mitochondria
- more mitochondria in a cell = more metabolically active

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4
Q

why do boys need to eat more than girls

A

more muscle mass/respiration/glucose needed

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5
Q

5 uses of energy in body

A

anabolic reactions: synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones (protein synthesis)

catabolic reactions: break down larger molecules into smaller ones (digestion)

muscle contraction (movement, peristalsis, breathing)

maintain stable body temp. (shivering, sweating)

active transport (moving mineral ions from soil into root hair cells)

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6
Q

aerobic respiration during exercise (4 things)

A

heart rate increases - increase blood supply to and from muscles

arteries supplying active muscles dilate (get wider) - for same reasons

breathing rate and depth increase - increase grass exchange at lungs

muscles convert stored glycogen-> glucose

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7
Q

anaerobic respiration (animals) (speed?)

A

glucose -> lactic acid
C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3
- exothermic
- 2ATP released
- v fast- less bonds broken
- takes place in cytoplasm

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8
Q

lactic acid causes…

A

muscle fatigue (tire and stop contracting as efficiently)
pain (soreness due to reduced pH)

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9
Q

oxygen debt

A

waste lactic acid needs to be removed from the body and oxygen is needed for this to happen
- lactic acid from anaerobically respiring muscles diffuses into the blood
- converted back to glucose in the liver (using ATP)

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10
Q

anaerobic respiration in plants (and why is this needed? and other uses?)

A

fermentation:
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H6O + 2CO2
- used when plants are flooded so there is very low oxygen concentration in soil

  • used in manufacture of alcoholic drinks / bread
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11
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic respiration:

A
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12
Q

side length vs SA:V ratio

A

as side length increases, SA:V ratio decreases

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13
Q

diffusuion in multicellular vs in unicellular organisms

A

small vs large SA:V ratio
relatively low vs high distance between cell membrane and centre of cell (distance substances have to travel)

so for unicelullar:
can enter directly from environment, waste products leave the same way
but for multicellular:
exchange cannot happen fast enough
so have exchange surfaces and transport systems to accommodate this

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14
Q

how small intestine is adapted for exchange

A

highly folded surface and cells with highly folded cell membrane (increase SA)
1 layer of epithelial cells on the surface (decrease diffusion distance)
good blood supply (maintain concentration gradient)

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15
Q

how gills adapted

A

each gill has lots of smaller filaments (increases SA)
good blood supply

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16
Q

how are roots adapted

A

highly branched root network
surface covered with root hair cells
(both increase SA)

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17
Q

how are leaves adapted

A

little hairs (SA)
stomata allow gases in and out (Dd)
spongy mesophyll layer allows air to circulate inside the leaf (Dd)

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18
Q

Ficks Law

A

rate of diffusion proportional to:
surface area x concentration difference / diffusion distance

so
rd prop to surface area
to concentration difference
to 1 / diffusion distance

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19
Q

function of lungs

A

enable breathing
move air in and out of lungs (ventilation)
provide a surface area for gas exchange

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20
Q

inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts and moves down
- increase volume of chest cavity
- decreases pressure of chest cavity
- air moves in and fills lungs

+ intercostal muscles contract - ribs move up and out

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21
Q

exhalation

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves up
- decrease volume of chest cavity
- increase pressure of chest cavity
- air moves out and empties lungs

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22
Q

intercostal muscles

A

external and internal intercostal muscles
- are an antagonistic pair (work against each other)

externals contract
- ribs move up and out (inhalation)

internals contract
- ribs moves down and in (exhalation)

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23
Q

composition of inhaled and exhaled air

A
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24
Q

what is heart?
+
walls made of?

A

organ (group of tissues working together) that pumps blood around the body
- walls are almost entirely muscle (need oxygen to function which is supplied by coronary arteries)

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25
movement of blood through the heart (order)
vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs (becomes oxygenated) pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle aorta body (becomes deoxygenated)
26
arteries VS veins
carry blood away from VS to the heart high pressure VS low pressure thick walls & lots of muscluar tissue VS thin walls and not much muscular tissue narrow lumen VS wide lumen thick elastic wall VS thin elastic wall no valves VS valves!!!!
27
valves (2 marker)
in veins - prevent back flow of blood - maintain unidirectional travel of blood
28
endothelial cells
line blood vessels - v smooth
29
capillaries (purpose and 3 structural points)
allow the exchange of molecules between the blood and the body's cells - molecules can diffuse - 8-10 micrometers lumen (same as RBCs) - have fenestrations (like windows that WBCs can fit through) - one cell thick walls
30
respiration definition
The process by which organisms RELEASE energy from food
31
blood and its role
a tissue that: transport useful substances to every cell of the body remove harmful waste substances transfer heat from ‘active’ organs to cooler parts of the body (so enzymes don’t denature)
32
composition of blood
55% plasma 45% RBC <1% WBC & platelets
33
RBCs
34
WBCs
35
platelets
no nucleus small fragments of cells help blood to clot at the site of the wound (prevent infection & blood loss)
36
plasma
mostly water It carries all the platelets and red and white blood cells around the human body. It also carries hormones, dissolved glucose for respiration, dissolved salts and enzymes around the body. Waste products like carbon dioxide are also transported in the plasma
37
labelling diagram of blood
38
CHD/atherosclorosis
when (walls of) coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked by a build up of cholesterol (fatty material)
39
atheroma / plaque (not the same thing)
build up of cholesterol and narrowing of lumen plaque is later stage and more structured?
40
types of cholesterol
HDL which transport cholesterol from blood vessels to liver for elimination (good) LDL lead to deposition of plaque in blood vessels (bad) from liver and dietary sources
41
statins
42
stents
remember to say CLOGGED artery and that it increases/maintains blood flow
43
5 ways heart is adapted
valves prevent back flow of blood septum prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood large no. coronary arteries supply blood and remove waste products thick ventricular walls to pump blood out of heart (contrasted with atria which only pump to ventricles) wall of left ventricle thicker than wall of right to pump blood around entire body (right ventricle only pumps to lungs)
44
SA node (sinoatrial node) where is it?
hearts natural pacemaker: - controls pumping of heart - located in right atrium - sends out electrical impulse which spreads to surrounding cells, causing them to contract
45
problems with beating of heart
too slow- not enough oxygen (bradycardia) too fast- can’t pump efficxticely (tachycardia) irregular- body doesn’t get regular/constant supply of oxygen (an arrhythmia)
46
artificial pacemaker
small battery operated electrical device implanted in patient’s chest, just under skin with wires that send out electrical impulse which stimulate heart to contract Pros enable normal function Cons: surgery, short lasting
47
problems with valves
can’t close- backflow of blood can’t open- restrict flow of blood both put extra strain on heart
48
solutions for valves
49
heart transplant
50
artificial heart
51
52
nasal cavity
includes nose and mouth produce mucus and hair to catch debris
53
ribs
protect lungs
54
trachea
connect nasal cavity with lungs produce mucus and traps debris lined with cilia (tiny hairs that waft mucus up lung)
55
bronchus
connects trachea with lungs left and right branching into each lung lined with goblet cells (produce mucus) and cilia
56
bronchiole
connect bronchus with alveoli
57
don’t say diffusion distance, say …
diffusion distance of the exchange surface
58
how are alveoli adapted
lots of them - increase SA - quicker diffusion and more GE thin walls - low Dd constant supply of blood - maintain CG - constant rate of diffusion constant air flow - same thing
59
Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the human body. (6)
60
exam q: why may someone’s resting respiratory cycles per minute be higher? (2)
reduced lung volume / asthma / emphysema so more breaths needed to take in the same amount of oxygen

Biology (AQA GCSE) (13 decks)

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