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Biology Alevels > respiration and photosynthesis > Flashcards

respiration and photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

define photosynthesis

A

is a reaction using light energy to produce glucose
requires water and carbon dioxide to form glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

what are the four stages photosynthesis occurs

A

photolysis
photo ionisation
chemiosmosis

production of ATP and reduced NADP

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3
Q

what is photolysis

A

the splitting of a molecule of water in the presence of light.
occurs in the light dependent reaction

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4
Q

how are the products of photolysis used

A

the hydrogen ions are picked up by NADP to from reduced NADP
the electron is used in electron transport chain
oxygen is used for respiration

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5
Q

describe the photoionisation of chlorophyll

A

light energy is absorbed by the photosystem ,where the energy causes the electrons to be excited

energy released is used to make ATP and reduced NADP in chemiosmosis

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6
Q

describe chemiosmosis

A

electrons when they gain energy they move past electron transport chain on thylakoid membrane

when the electrons move down the chain they release energy used to pump the proton pump

where it is actively transported from stroma to thylakoid

producing electrochemical graident

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7
Q

how is ATP formed and NADP formed

A

hydrogen ions move down from thylakoid space into the stroma
using ATP synthase by facilitated diffusion

this ATP synthase
catalyses the phopsphorylation of ADP into ATP

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8
Q

how is NADPH formed

A

NADP combines with hydrogen to form NADPH
which is final electron acceptor

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9
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur

A

in the stroma

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10
Q

what catalyses the whole reaction

A

Rubisco found in the stroma

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11
Q

what are the first part of the calvin cycle

A

carbon dioxide reacts with RUBP (a 5 carbon molecule)
catalysed by rubisco
to produce 2 molecules of glycerate 3 phosphate

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12
Q

describe the formation of TP

A

GP picks up hydrogen from NADPH which goes onto reform NADP
GP is reduced into TP
using energy from ATP

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13
Q

how is RUBP regenerated

A

One Carbon is removed from of of the TP molecules
leaving with five carbons
then the second ATP is used to regenerate RUBP

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14
Q

how many times does calvin cycle occur

A

it happens six times where in total 6 carbons are removed

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15
Q

what are the three limiting factors in photosynthesis

A

light intensity
CO2 concentration
temperature

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16
Q

what does RUBP stand for

A

ribulose bisphosphate

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17
Q

what are agriculture practices to overcome limiting factors

A

artificial lighting
artificial heating
addition of CO2 by burinng fuels

18
Q

outline a method for extracting pigment from leaf

A

use a pestel or motar to extract part of the leaf
using extraction solvent propanone
use capillary tube to spot the pigment on the pencil line

19
Q

what are the four main stages of respiration

A

1.glycolysis
2.link reaction
3.krebs cycle
4.oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q

outline the stages of glycolysis

A

glucose is phosphorylates into glucose phosphate

then glucose phosphate is split into triose phosphate

triose phosphate oxidised into pyruvate

whilst TP is oxidised NAD picks up H ion to form NADH
and also forms ATP

21
Q

how does pyruvate and NADH move out the cytoplasm

A

active transort

22
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytoplasm

23
Q

where does the link reaction occur

A

in the mitchondrial matrix

24
Q

outline the stages of the link reaction

A
  1. pyruvate is oxidised
    per pyruvate molecule net gain of CO2
  2. in this reaction NAD is reduced to form NADH
    3.acetate combines with co enzyme A to produce acetyl co enzyme
25
Q

what are the products of glycolysis

A

2x pyruvate
2x NADH
2x ATP

26
Q

what are the products of the link reaction

A

2x acetyl co enzyem A
2X CO2
2x NADH

27
Q

outline stages of the krebs cycle

A

acetyl coenzyme enters kreb cycle and then reacts with 4 carbon molecule

this then forms a six carbon molecule
2 carbon dioxide removed
then co enzyme FADH removed and NADH

series of redox reactions occur using energy from ATP

28
Q

what are the total products of krebs cycle

A

4 xCO2
2 xATP
2 xFADH
6 xNADH

29
Q

what happens in the electron transfer chain

A

the reduced co enzyme produced from the krebs cycle release their hydrogens

hydrogen split into protons and electrons

,those electrons move down electron transport chain

30
Q

how does the proton gradient occur

A

energy released from the electron transport chain is used to actively transport proton pump of Hydrogen ions
from mitchondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

31
Q

how is ATP produced

A

the hydrogen ions move down concentration gradient from intermembrane space into the mitchondrial membrane using ATP synthase
this casuse ADP to be phophorylated into ATP
catalyses the formation of ATP

32
Q

how is water formed

A

electrons from the elctron transport chain is picked up by oxygen along with hydrogen ion

33
Q

what is the role of water

A

it is the final electron acceptor

34
Q

describe anaerobic respiration

A

it is respiration in the absence of water

34
Q

describe anaerobic respiration in animals

A

pyruvate is reduced to form lactate
reduced by NADH
NAD is used again in glycolysis

35
Q

where does lactate go agter produced in anaerobic respiration

A

goes to the liver

36
Q

describe anaerobic respiration in plants

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated to form ethanal
ethanal is reduced to ethanol using NADH

37
Q

what are the advantages of the products of respiration

A

they convert NADH into NAD for glycolysis

38
Q

what are the disadvatages of producing Lactate

A

acidic so decreases PH
causes muslce fatigue

39
Q

what is the disadvantage of producing ethanol

A

when ethanol conc is above 12% they die
ethanol dissolves cell membranes

40
Q

how is respiration measured

A

using a respirometer

41
Q

what is the purpose of sodium hydroxide in a respirometer

A

Absorbs CO2 so there is a decrease in pressure
as O2 is consumed

Biology Alevels (13 decks)

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