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A Biology Mock Study pt2 > Respiration and Gas Exchange - GCSE > Flashcards

Respiration and Gas Exchange - GCSE Flashcards

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1
Q

what do you need to keep your body moving?

A

energy

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2
Q

where does energy come from and how is it released?

A

comes from food and is released by respiration

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3
Q

what is respiration?

A

the process of turning glucose into energy, which happens constantly in every cell

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4
Q

where does energy happen in our body?

A

in every cell in the body

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5
Q

what is another way of respiration to transfers energy?

A

by heat (that is why running makes you hot)

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6
Q

what is the energy transferred by respiration used for?

A

it is used to make a substance called ATP

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7
Q

what does ATP do?

A

it stores the energy needed for many cell processes

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8
Q

what happens when cells need energy?

A

ATP molecules are broken down and energy is released

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9
Q

what are the two types of respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

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10
Q

what is an experiment to show that respiration transfers energy by heat?
(there are 7 steps)

A

1) soak dried bean in water for a day or two. They will start to germinate (little sprouts will come out of them). Germinating beans will respire
2) boil a similar-sized, second bunch of dried beans. This will kill the beans and make sure they can’t respire. The dead beans will act as your control
3) add each set of beans to a vacuum flask, make sure there’s some air left in the flask (so the beans can respire aerobically)
4) place a thermometer into each flask, seal the top with cotton wool
5) record the temperature of each flask daily for a week
6) repeat the practical, using the same mass of beans each time
7) the beans are well-insulated in the flasks, so when the germinating beans respire, the test flask’s temperature will increase compared to the control flask

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11
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

it is what happens when there is plenty of oxygen available. It is the more efficient way to turn glucose into energy

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12
Q

what does the word aerobic mean?

A

with oxygen

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13
Q

what does aerobic respiration produce?

A

it produces lots of ATP, 32 molecules per molecule of glucose

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14
Q

what is the type of respiration you are using most of the time?

A

aerobic respiration

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15
Q

what is the word equation of aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

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16
Q

what is the balanced equation of aerobic respiration?

A

C6 + H12 + O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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17
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

when you do vigorous exercise your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscle for aerobic respiration (even though your hear rate increases as much as they can). This type of respiration DOES NOT need oxygen

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18
Q

what does the word anaerobic mean?

A

without oxygen

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19
Q

which respiration is not the best way to convert glucose into energy?

A

anaerobic respiration, it releases less energy per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration (just 2 molecules ATP are produced)

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20
Q

what happens in anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid is also produced

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21
Q

what happens with lactic acid in anaerobic respiration?

A

builds up in the muscles, meaning it gets painful and leads to cramps.

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22
Q

what is the word equation of anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose -> lactic acid (+ energy)

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23
Q

what else other than animals do anaerobic respiration?

A

plants

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24
Q

how do plants do anaerobic respiration?

A

they respire without oxygen too, but they produce ethanol and CO2 instead of lactic acid

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25
Q

what is the word equation of anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy)

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26
Q

how can you show that living organisms produce CO2 as they respire?

A

by using a hydrogen-carbonate indicator

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27
Q

when using a hydrogen-carbonate indicator how do you know if there is any presence of carbon dioxide?

A

when the orange solution changes colour to yellow

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28
Q

how does an experiment of carbon dioxide production by some beans work?
(7 steps)

A

1) prepare one set of germinating beans and one set of boiled beans (the control)
2) put the same amount of hydrogen-carbonate indicator into two test tubes
3) place a platform made of gauze into each test tube and place the beans on this
4) seal the test tubes with a rubber band
5) leave the apparatus for a set period of time (e.g an hour)
6) during the time the CO2 produced by germinating beans should have an effect on hydrogen-carbonate indicator -> it will have turned yellow
7) the control tube will have stayed the same

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29
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the movement of particles from places where there are lots of them to places where there are fewer of them

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30
Q

when plants photosynthesise they use the CO2 from where?

A

the atmosphere

31
Q

when plants photosynthesise they produce O2 as what?

A

as a waste product

32
Q

when plants respire what do they use?

A

O2 (oxygen)

33
Q

when plants respire what do they produce as a waste product?

A

CO2

34
Q

how are waste products lost in plants?

A

they are lost through little holes in the underside of leaves called stomata

35
Q

what does the respiratory system allow you to do?

A

it lets you breathe in and out

36
Q

where are the lungs found in?

A

the thorax

37
Q

what is the thorax?

A

the top part of your body

38
Q

what is the thorax separated by? and from what?

A

it is separated by a muscle called diaphragm from the lower part of the body

39
Q

what are the lungs surrounded by?

A

by the pleural membranes

40
Q

what are the lungs protected by?

A

by the ribcage

41
Q

what muscle runs between the ribs?

A

the intercostal muscles

42
Q

the air you breath in goes through where?

A

the trachea

43
Q

when air has passed through the trachea, how does it get to the lungs?

A

through tubes called bronchi (each one is a bronchus), one going to each lung

44
Q

the bronchi split into progressively smaller tubes called what?

A

bronchioles

45
Q

the bronchioles end at where?

A

small bags called alveoli

46
Q

what happens in the aveoli?

A

it is where gas exchange takes place

47
Q

describe the lungs diagram

A

handmade flashcard 20

48
Q

why do you need oxygen in your bloodstream?

A

to supply your cells for respiration

49
Q

what do you need to get rid of from your blood?

A

carbon dioxide

50
Q

how do you get rid of carbon dioxide?

A

by breathing in and out

51
Q

what happens when you breathe in?

5 steps

A

1) air goes in
2) intercostal muscles pul ribcage and sternum up and out
3) thorax volume increases
4) diaphragm flattens out
5) this decreases pressure, drawing air in

52
Q

what happens when you breathe out?

A

1) intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
2) diaphragm moves up
3) air is forced out

53
Q

when you exercise what happens to your muscles cells?

A

they respire more

54
Q

what do you muscles cells need more and what do they produce when you exercise?

A
  • they need more O2

- they produce more CO2

55
Q

why does your breathing rate increase when you exercise?

A

it increases to help deliver more oxygen to cells and to remove the waste CO2

56
Q

how do you investigate the effect of exercise on breathing rate?
(4 steps)

A

1) first, sit still for five minutes. Then count for one minute the number of breathes you take
2) now do five minutes exercise and when you stop, directly count your number of breaths for a minute
3) repeat the steps above, and work out the mean (average) results for resting and after exercise
4) could also ask other people to do the same experiment to have even more reliable results

57
Q

what could be the control variables for the investigations of the effect of exercise on breathing rate?

A
  • time spent on exercise using stopwatch

- temperature of the room using an air conditioning or a thermostat

58
Q

how do you investigate the release of carbon dioxide in your breath?
(4 steps)

A

1) set up two boiling tubes as in the diagram on the right. Put the same amount of limewater in each
2) put your mouth around the mouthpiece and breathe in and out several times
3) as you breath in, air from your room is drawn in through boiling tube A. This air contains very little carbon dioxide so the limewater this tube remains colourless
4) when you breathe out, the air you exhale bubbles through the limewater in boiling tube B. This air contains CO2 produced during respiration, so the limewater in this boiling tube turns cloudy

59
Q

how can you tell carbon dioxide in the exhaled tube air was from respiration?

A

the lime water remained clear and not cloudy (like it did on the inhaled one)

60
Q

what carries gas exchange in the body?

A

alveoli

61
Q

what is the process of gas exchange?

3 steps

A

1) blood passing next to the alveoli has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body, so it contains LOTS of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen. Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into to the alveolus to be breathed out
2) when the blood reaches body cells, oxygen is released from the red blood cells and diffuses into the body cells
3) at the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells into the blood. It is then carried back to the lungs

62
Q

what gives the lungs an enormous surface are?

A

the huge number of microscopic alveoli

63
Q

what is in the alveoli for gases to dissolve in?

A

moist lining

64
Q

how thick are alveoli walls and why?

A

they are one cell thick (very thin walls), so that gases don’t have far to diffuse

65
Q

why do alveoli need to have a great blood supply?

A

to maintain high concentration gradient

66
Q

why are alveoli walls permeable?

A

so that gases can diffuse across easily

67
Q

what can smoking severely affect?

A

your lungs and circulatory

FUMAR MATA - Marcela 2021

68
Q

how does smoking damage your lungs?

it damages 3 important things

A
  • it damages inside the alveoli, reducing the surface area for gas exchange and leading to diseases like emphysema.
  • the tar in cigarettes damages the cilia, which leads to chest infections
  • tar also irritates the bronchi and bronchioles, encouraging mucus to be produced which can’t be cleared very well by damaged cilia, causing smoker’s cough and chronic bronchitis
69
Q

how does the cilia help?

A

these little hairs along with mucus, catch a load of dust and bacteria before they reach the lungs. The cilia also help keep the trachea clear by sweeping mucus back towards the mouth

70
Q

what is cilia?

A

little hairs in your lungs and trachea

71
Q

what does carbon monoxide in smoke reduce?

A

the amount of oxygen the blood can carry

72
Q

what happens when carbon monoxide has reduced the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry?

A

to make up for the lost oxygen, the heart rate increases which leads to an increase in blood pressure

73
Q

what does high blood pressure do?

A

damages the artery walls making the formation of blood clots more likely, this increases the risk of coronary heart disease

74
Q

what is the effect of the chemical called carcinogens in tobacco?

A

it causes cancer

A Biology Mock Study pt2 (9 decks)

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