Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Biology Mock Study pt2 > Blood and Organs - GCSE > Flashcards

Blood and Organs - GCSE Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do all multicellular organisms need?

A

needs a transport system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the transport system in humans?

A

it’s the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the four main components blood has?

A
  • plasma
  • platelets
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is plasma?

A

it is a pale yellow liquid which carries just about everything that needs transporting around your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 6 things plasma carries?

A
  • red and white blood cells and platelets
  • digested food products (e.g glucose and amino acids)
  • carbon dioxide
  • urea
  • hormones
  • heat energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

plasma carries digested food products from what and to where?

A

from -> the gut

to -> all the body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

plasma carries carbon dioxide from what and to where?

A

from -> body cells

to -> the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

plasma carries urea from what and to where?

A

from -> liver

to -> kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the job of red blood cells?

A

transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is the red blood cell adapted to its function?

A
  • small and have biconcave shape (doughnut shape)
  • contains haemoglobin
  • doesn’t have a nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how is the red blood cell adapted to its function: small and biconcave shape
develop this answer

A

because it is small and has a biconcave shape it has a large surface area for absorbing and releasing oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is the red blood cell adapted to its function: contains haemoglobin
develop this answer

A

because red blood cells contains haemoglobin, in the lung it reacts with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin, in body tissue the reverse reaction happens to release oxygen to the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

what gives blood its colour because it contains a lot of iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is the red blood cell adapted to its function: doesn’t have a nucleus
develop this answer

A

because it doesn’t have a nucleus, it frees up space for more haemoglobin so they can carry more oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does your immune system have to deal with?

A

pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that cause disease (e.g certain type of bacteria and viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens once pathogens have entered your body?

A

they’ll reproduce rapidly unless they’re destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are two types of white blood cells?

A
  • lymphocytes

- phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

detect things that are ‘foreign’ to the body and then engulf the pathogens and digest them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are phagocytes specific?

A

no, they attack anything that is not meant to be there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe a diagram of a phagocyte?

A

handmade flashcard 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe a diagram of a lymphocyte?

A

handmade flashcard 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

when it comes across a foreign antigen it starts to produce a protein called antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does every pathogen have that is unique on its surface?

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

they lock on the invading pathogens and mark them out for destruction by other white blood cells. The antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what happens after antibodies are created?

A

they are produced rapidly and flow round the body to mark all similar pathogens. Memory cells are also produced in response to a foreign antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what do memory cells do?

A

they can reproduce very fast if the same antigen enters the body again, and quickly fight off those atigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why are you immune to most diseases?

A

because you already had them and your body carries a “memory” of what the antigen was like, and can quickly produce loads of antibodies if you get infected again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why have vaccinations changed the way we fight diseases?

A

because we don’t have to deal with the problem once it’s happened, we can prevent it happening in the first place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does blood needs to be carried around the body?

A

blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what do arteries do?

A

the carry the blood AWAY from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

they are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do veins do?

A

they carry the blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how do arteries carry blood?

A

under pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how are the artery walls?

A

strong, elastic and thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why are artery walls strong and elastic?

A

because the heart pumps blood out at high pressure

38
Q

what does the elastic fibre allows arteries to do?

A

to expand

39
Q

why are artery walls thick?

A

because they contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong

40
Q

what is the lumen in blood vessels?

A

the whole in the middle

41
Q

what is the largest artery in the body?

A

the aorta

42
Q

describe the artery diagram?

A

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YxVzNHkuG6M/Vn13E_hh75I/AAAAAAAAAY4/bgd_r44V_Yo/s1600/vein%2Bartery%2Bcapillary%2B2%2Bcopy.jpg

43
Q

describe the capillaries diagram?

A

https://cdn.goconqr.com/uploads/node/image/2730704/capillaries_new.jpg

44
Q

describe the veins diagram?

A

http://www.mrexham.com/uploads/1/0/8/4/108444439/s455977404143805069_p50_i4_w640.jpeg

45
Q

what is the size of capillaries?

A

they are really small, too small to see

46
Q

what do arteries branch into?

A

arteries branch into capillaries

47
Q

where do capillaries carry blood to?

A

they carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them

48
Q

why can substance diffuse in and out of capillaries walls?

A

because they have permeable walls

49
Q

what do capillaries supply?

A

they supply food and oxygen, and take away wastes like CO2

50
Q

how thick usually capillaries walls are? and what does this help with?

A

one cell think, this increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it happens

51
Q

capillaries join up to form what?

A

veins

52
Q

why do veins walls don’t need to be thick?

A

blood is at lower pressure

53
Q

how big is the vein lumen? and why?

A

it is bigger than the artery lumen. This is to help the blood flow

54
Q

why do veins have to keep the blood flowing in the right direction?

A

because they have valves

55
Q

what is the largest vein in the body?

A

vena cava

56
Q

what does blood need so that it can move around the body?

A

it needs a pump

57
Q

describe the diagram of the heart

A

https://revisionscience.com/sites/revisionworld.com/files/imce/Heart%202.jpg

58
Q

what does the right atrium of the heart do? (step 1)

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the body

59
Q

through where does the right atrium receive the blood from?

A

through the vena cava

60
Q

where does the deoxygenated blood move to after it has been on the right atrium? (step 2)

A

it moves through the right ventricle

61
Q

what does the right ventricle pump the blood to? via what?

A

it pumps the blood to the lungs, via the pulmonary artery

62
Q

what does the left atrium receive? and from where? (step 3)

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary artery

63
Q

where does the oxygenated blood move to after the left atrium? (step 4)

A

it moves to the left ventricle which pumps the blood to the whole body via the aorta

64
Q

which side of the heart has thicker walls?

A

the left ventricle (left side)

65
Q

why does the left side of the heart have a thicker wall?

A

because it need more muscle since it has to pump blood around the whole body

66
Q

which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

A

the right side

67
Q

what do the valves in the heart prevent?

A

the backflow of blood

68
Q

why does exercise increase the heart rate?

A

it increases the heart rate because when you exercise your muscles need more energy, so you respire more (you need more oxygen into the cells and remove more carbon dioxide). For this to happen the blood has to flow faster, causing your heart rate to increase.

69
Q

steps of heart rate increasing when doing exercise:

4 steps

A

1) exercise increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
2) high levels of blood CO2 are detected by receptors in the aorta and carotid artery (an artery in the neck)
3) these receptors send signals into the brain
4) the brain sends signals to the heart, causing it to contract more frequently and with more force

70
Q

how does the hormonal system help control heart rate?
For example:
what happens when an organism is threatened? (e.g predator)

A

1) the adrenal glands release adrenaline
2) adrenaline binds to specific receptor in the heart. This causes the cardiac muscle to contract more frequently and with more force
3) this increases the supply to the tissues getting the body ready for reaction

71
Q

what is the circulation system made up of?

A

of the heart and the blood vessels

72
Q

what is the circulation system’s job?

A

to get the blood where it needs to be so that useful substances can be delivered and wastes removed

73
Q

describe the diagram of the circulation system

A

handmade flashcard 19

74
Q

what type of blood do arteries usually carry?

A

they carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery)

75
Q

what type of blood do veins usually carry?

A

they carry deoxygenated blood (except the pulmonary vein)

76
Q

what does the word pulmonary mean?

A

the lungs

77
Q

what does the word hepatic mean?

A

the liver

78
Q

what does the word renal mean

A

the kidneys

79
Q

what is the coronary heart disease?

A

it is when the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up. This causes the arteries to become narrow, making blood flow restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle which can lead to a heart attack.

80
Q

what are risk factor of coronary heart disease?

A
  • diet high in saturated fat
  • smoking
  • being inactive
81
Q

why is having a diet high in saturated fat a risk factor of coronary heart disease?

A

because this can lead to fatty deposits forming inside arteries

82
Q

why is smoking a risk factor of coronary heart disease?

A

because this increases the blood pressure which can damages the inside of the coronary arteries. Also chemicals in cigarette smoke can also cause damage. The damage makes it more likely that fatty deposits will form

83
Q

why is being inactive a risk factor of coronary heart disease?

A

because this can lead to high blood pressure which can damage the lining of arteries. This makes it more likely that fatty deposits will form

84
Q

what is excretion?

A

the removal of waste products

85
Q

what are 3 excretion organs?

A
  • lungs
  • kidneys
  • skin
86
Q

what is a waste product of the lungs?

A

carbon dioxide

87
Q

what is a waste product of the kidneys?

A

urea

88
Q

what is a waste product of the skin?

A

sweat

89
Q

what are the 3 main roles that the kidneys perform?

A
  • removal of urea from the blood
  • adjustment of ion (salt) levels in the blood
  • adjustment of water content of the blood
90
Q

how do the kidneys create urine?

A

they do this by filtering stuff out of the blood under high pressure, and then reabsorbing the useful things

91
Q

where is urea produced?

A

in the liver from excess amino acids

A Biology Mock Study pt2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions