Blood and Organs - GCSE Flashcards
what do all multicellular organisms need?
needs a transport system
what is the transport system in humans?
it’s the blood
what are the four main components blood has?
- plasma
- platelets
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
what is plasma?
it is a pale yellow liquid which carries just about everything that needs transporting around your body
what are the 6 things plasma carries?
- red and white blood cells and platelets
- digested food products (e.g glucose and amino acids)
- carbon dioxide
- urea
- hormones
- heat energy
plasma carries digested food products from what and to where?
from -> the gut
to -> all the body cells
plasma carries carbon dioxide from what and to where?
from -> body cells
to -> the lungs
plasma carries urea from what and to where?
from -> liver
to -> kidney
what is the job of red blood cells?
transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body
how is the red blood cell adapted to its function?
- small and have biconcave shape (doughnut shape)
- contains haemoglobin
- doesn’t have a nucleus
how is the red blood cell adapted to its function: small and biconcave shape
develop this answer
because it is small and has a biconcave shape it has a large surface area for absorbing and releasing oxygen.
how is the red blood cell adapted to its function: contains haemoglobin
develop this answer
because red blood cells contains haemoglobin, in the lung it reacts with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin, in body tissue the reverse reaction happens to release oxygen to the cells
what is haemoglobin?
what gives blood its colour because it contains a lot of iron
how is the red blood cell adapted to its function: doesn’t have a nucleus
develop this answer
because it doesn’t have a nucleus, it frees up space for more haemoglobin so they can carry more oxygen
what does your immune system have to deal with?
pathogens
what are pathogens?
microorganisms that cause disease (e.g certain type of bacteria and viruses)
what happens once pathogens have entered your body?
they’ll reproduce rapidly unless they’re destroyed
what are two types of white blood cells?
- lymphocytes
- phagocytes
what do phagocytes do?
detect things that are ‘foreign’ to the body and then engulf the pathogens and digest them
are phagocytes specific?
no, they attack anything that is not meant to be there
describe a diagram of a phagocyte?
handmade flashcard 8
describe a diagram of a lymphocyte?
handmade flashcard 9
what do lymphocytes do?
when it comes across a foreign antigen it starts to produce a protein called antibodies
what does every pathogen have that is unique on its surface?
antigens
what do antibodies do?
they lock on the invading pathogens and mark them out for destruction by other white blood cells. The antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigen
what happens after antibodies are created?
they are produced rapidly and flow round the body to mark all similar pathogens. Memory cells are also produced in response to a foreign antigen.
what do memory cells do?
they can reproduce very fast if the same antigen enters the body again, and quickly fight off those atigens
why are you immune to most diseases?
because you already had them and your body carries a “memory” of what the antigen was like, and can quickly produce loads of antibodies if you get infected again
why have vaccinations changed the way we fight diseases?
because we don’t have to deal with the problem once it’s happened, we can prevent it happening in the first place
what does blood needs to be carried around the body?
blood vessels
what are the 3 types of blood vessels
- arteries
- capillaries
- veins
what do arteries do?
the carry the blood AWAY from the heart
what do capillaries do?
they are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
what do veins do?
they carry the blood to the heart
how do arteries carry blood?
under pressure
how are the artery walls?
strong, elastic and thick
why are artery walls strong and elastic?
because the heart pumps blood out at high pressure
what does the elastic fibre allows arteries to do?
to expand
why are artery walls thick?
because they contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong
what is the lumen in blood vessels?
the whole in the middle
what is the largest artery in the body?
the aorta
describe the artery diagram?
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YxVzNHkuG6M/Vn13E_hh75I/AAAAAAAAAY4/bgd_r44V_Yo/s1600/vein%2Bartery%2Bcapillary%2B2%2Bcopy.jpg
describe the capillaries diagram?
https://cdn.goconqr.com/uploads/node/image/2730704/capillaries_new.jpg
describe the veins diagram?
http://www.mrexham.com/uploads/1/0/8/4/108444439/s455977404143805069_p50_i4_w640.jpeg
what is the size of capillaries?
they are really small, too small to see
what do arteries branch into?
arteries branch into capillaries
where do capillaries carry blood to?
they carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them
why can substance diffuse in and out of capillaries walls?
because they have permeable walls
what do capillaries supply?
they supply food and oxygen, and take away wastes like CO2
how thick usually capillaries walls are? and what does this help with?
one cell think, this increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it happens
capillaries join up to form what?
veins
why do veins walls don’t need to be thick?
blood is at lower pressure
how big is the vein lumen? and why?
it is bigger than the artery lumen. This is to help the blood flow
why do veins have to keep the blood flowing in the right direction?
because they have valves
what is the largest vein in the body?
vena cava
what does blood need so that it can move around the body?
it needs a pump
describe the diagram of the heart
https://revisionscience.com/sites/revisionworld.com/files/imce/Heart%202.jpg
what does the right atrium of the heart do? (step 1)
receives deoxygenated blood from the body
through where does the right atrium receive the blood from?
through the vena cava
where does the deoxygenated blood move to after it has been on the right atrium? (step 2)
it moves through the right ventricle
what does the right ventricle pump the blood to? via what?
it pumps the blood to the lungs, via the pulmonary artery
what does the left atrium receive? and from where? (step 3)
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary artery
where does the oxygenated blood move to after the left atrium? (step 4)
it moves to the left ventricle which pumps the blood to the whole body via the aorta
which side of the heart has thicker walls?
the left ventricle (left side)
why does the left side of the heart have a thicker wall?
because it need more muscle since it has to pump blood around the whole body
which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
the right side
what do the valves in the heart prevent?
the backflow of blood
why does exercise increase the heart rate?
it increases the heart rate because when you exercise your muscles need more energy, so you respire more (you need more oxygen into the cells and remove more carbon dioxide). For this to happen the blood has to flow faster, causing your heart rate to increase.
steps of heart rate increasing when doing exercise:
4 steps
1) exercise increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
2) high levels of blood CO2 are detected by receptors in the aorta and carotid artery (an artery in the neck)
3) these receptors send signals into the brain
4) the brain sends signals to the heart, causing it to contract more frequently and with more force
how does the hormonal system help control heart rate?
For example:
what happens when an organism is threatened? (e.g predator)
1) the adrenal glands release adrenaline
2) adrenaline binds to specific receptor in the heart. This causes the cardiac muscle to contract more frequently and with more force
3) this increases the supply to the tissues getting the body ready for reaction
what is the circulation system made up of?
of the heart and the blood vessels
what is the circulation system’s job?
to get the blood where it needs to be so that useful substances can be delivered and wastes removed
describe the diagram of the circulation system
handmade flashcard 19
what type of blood do arteries usually carry?
they carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery)
what type of blood do veins usually carry?
they carry deoxygenated blood (except the pulmonary vein)
what does the word pulmonary mean?
the lungs
what does the word hepatic mean?
the liver
what does the word renal mean
the kidneys
what is the coronary heart disease?
it is when the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up. This causes the arteries to become narrow, making blood flow restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle which can lead to a heart attack.
what are risk factor of coronary heart disease?
- diet high in saturated fat
- smoking
- being inactive
why is having a diet high in saturated fat a risk factor of coronary heart disease?
because this can lead to fatty deposits forming inside arteries
why is smoking a risk factor of coronary heart disease?
because this increases the blood pressure which can damages the inside of the coronary arteries. Also chemicals in cigarette smoke can also cause damage. The damage makes it more likely that fatty deposits will form
why is being inactive a risk factor of coronary heart disease?
because this can lead to high blood pressure which can damage the lining of arteries. This makes it more likely that fatty deposits will form
what is excretion?
the removal of waste products
what are 3 excretion organs?
- lungs
- kidneys
- skin
what is a waste product of the lungs?
carbon dioxide
what is a waste product of the kidneys?
urea
what is a waste product of the skin?
sweat
what are the 3 main roles that the kidneys perform?
- removal of urea from the blood
- adjustment of ion (salt) levels in the blood
- adjustment of water content of the blood
how do the kidneys create urine?
they do this by filtering stuff out of the blood under high pressure, and then reabsorbing the useful things
where is urea produced?
in the liver from excess amino acids
