Respiration

Question 1

Lungs

Answer 1

Site of gas exchange

Question 2

external nares

Answer 2

Air enters here

Question 3

nasal cavity

Answer 3

passing of air after it enters thru external nares, where its filtered by mucous membrane and nasal hairs.

Question 4

Pharynx and larynx

Answer 4

air passes through here, larynx is covered by epiglottis.

Question 5

Trachea and Bronchi

Answer 5

One on each side.

Question 6

Bronchioles

Answer 6

Bronchi divides into this

Question 7

Alveoli

Answer 7

division of bronchioles
site of gas exchange.
branching increases the surface area for gas exchange.

Question 8

surfactant

Answer 8

a detergent that lowers the surface tension and prevents alveolus from collapsing.
-it covers the alveoli.

Question 9

Pathway of air during respiration

Answer 9

Nasal cavity–>pharynx–>larynx–>trachea–>bronchi–>bronchioles–>alveoli

Question 10

Thoracic cavity

Answer 10

lungs are here in addition to the heart

Question 11

diaphragm

Answer 11

seprates the thoracic cavity from the organs of digestion.

muscle that is necessary for inspiration, skeletal muscle with somatic control.

Question 12

pleurae

Answer 12

membrane surrounding the lungs

Question 13

visceral pleura

Answer 13

membrane that directly touches the outside of the lungs

Question 14

parital pleura

Answer 14

outer layer membrane that is associated with the chest wal

Question 15

intrapleural space

Answer 15

space between visceral and parietal pleura in which contains a thin layer of fluid.
the pressure differential between the intrapleural space and the lungs is critical!

Question 16

Stages of ventilation

Answer 16

Inhalation and exhalation

Question 17

Inhalation

Answer 17

An active process.

• thoracic cavity expands and pushes down the diaphragm.
• chest wall moves out and the volume of the intapleural space is increased–> means that the pressure is decreased.

Question 18

Negative-pressure breathing

Answer 18

the gas in the lungs is at atmospheric pressure, which is at higher pressure than the intrapleural space. So lungs expands as air is sucked in from a high pressure environment.

Question 19

Exhalation

Answer 19

the reverse process of inhalation.
simple relaxation results in exhalation.
-diaphragm and external intercostals relax, causing the chest cavity volume to decrease, which increases the pressure in the intrapleural space becoming higher than the pressure of the air in the lungs, so air is pushed out.
process can be sped up by using internal intercostal muscles which decrease the volume of the cavity.

Question 20

control of ventilation

Answer 20

nervous system has an input for breathing.

Question 21

medulla oblongata

Answer 21

rythmically firing neurons cause regulater contraction of respiratory muscles.
neurons are sensitive to CO2 concentration.

Question 22

function of chemoreceptors on neurons

Answer 22

they monitor the changes in pH which in fact monitors the changes in CO2 concentration.

Question 23

spirometer

Answer 23

used to measure the amount of air normally present in lungs and the rate of ventilation, depends on O2 abundance.

Question 24

total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 24

6-7 liters- total amount of air in lungs if we breath in as much as possible.

Question 25

Vital capacity (VC)

Answer 25

total amount of air forced out

Question 26

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 26

amount of air left over in lungs

Question 27

TLC =?

Answer 27

VC + RV

Question 28

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 28

amount of air needed to breathe

Question 29

ERV

Answer 29

use of muscle to push out last bit of air

Question 30

IRV

Answer 30

amount of extra air we can take after TV

Question 31

VC=?

Answer 31

TV + ERV + IRV

Question 32

pulmonary capillaries

Answer 32

surround each alveolus

Question 33

pulmonary artery

Answer 33

carries deoxygenated blood, when approaches alveolar layer–> diffusion of CO2 from blood to lungs and O2 in opposite direction.

Question 34

pulmonary vein

Answer 34

carries oxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 35

Pressure differential of gases

Answer 35

Is the driving force of gas exchange between blood and lungs, no energy is required.

Question 36

Hemoglobin

Answer 36

used to transport O2 in blood.