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MCAT Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Interphase

A

Longest part of cell cycle (90% of time here).

Cells with terminal differentiation (muscle/nerve) spend all the time in G phase.

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2
Q

G1 Stage (presynthetic Gap)

A

Cells create organelles for energy & protein production.
Cell doubles in size.
Must pass check point to continue to next phase.

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3
Q

S stage (synthesis)

A
  • Genetic material is replicated.
  • Each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids bound by a centromere
  • ploidy of cell remains the same
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4
Q

G2 stage (postsynthetic gap)

A

-quality control, ensures cell has enough organelles to divide

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5
Q

Mitosis (M phase)

A
  • for diploid cells.
  • prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
  • separation of chromosomes occur here
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6
Q

Centriols

A
  • organelles located outside nucleus in region called centrosome.
  • ensures proper movement of chromosmes
  • during prophase, they migrate to opposite poles and form spindle fiber.
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7
Q

Spindle fiber

A

Made of microtubles and have attachment points known as asters for chromosomes to attach to when dividing.

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8
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense.
  • spindle apparatus forms between centriols
  • Nuclear membrane dissolves.
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9
Q

Metaphase

A

-Chromosomes line in the middle- called the metaphase plate.

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10
Q

Kinetochores

A

Proteins on chromatids that attach to spindle fibers

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11
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are separated by shortening of the kinetochore fibers.

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12
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle apparatus disappears and a nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes.

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separation of the cytoplasm and organelles to daughter cells.

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14
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • offspring from a single parent

- 4 types: Binary fission, Budding, Regeneration, and Parthenogenesis.

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15
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • circular chromosome attaches to cell wall & replicates & cell grows in size.
  • eventually plasma membrane and cell wall grow inwards.
  • rapid process, and not as diverse.
  • in prokaryotes
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16
Q

Budding

A
  • Equal replication but unequal cytokinesis

- In hydra and yeast (eukaryotes)

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17
Q

Regeneration

A
  • Entire body part can be regrown from a part.

- example is a tail in a lizard, and liver in humans

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18
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • process when an adult organism develops from an unfertilized egg.
  • they are haploid in number of chromosomes.
  • occurs in insects.
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19
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  • offspring are genetically unique

- cells that contribute to this are gametes.

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20
Q

Gametes

A

-Haploid cells that are produced through meiosis.

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21
Q

Meiosis

A
  • process of developing 4 different haploid gametes.
  • occurs in gametocytes.
  • 2 rounds of division
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22
Q

Meiosis I

A
  • known as reductional division where homologous chromosomes are separated.
  • generates haploid daughter cells..
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23
Q

Meiosis II

A
  • known as equational division.
  • similar to mitosis
  • results in separation of sister chromatids.
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24
Q

Meiosis I- prophase I

A

-here homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine, in a process called synapsis.

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25
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

-contain 4 chromatids, referred to as a tetrad.

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26
Q

Chiasma

A

part of chromosome that breaks during synapsis

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27
Q

Crossing over

A

process of DNA exchange that results the sister chromatids to be different.
Only occurs between homologous chromosomes, not sister chromatids
results in genetic diversity!

28
Q

Meiosis I-Prophase I

A

-tetrads align at metaphase plate and each pair is separated.

29
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • process called disjunction because either chromosome may end up in either daughter cell.
  • distribution of homologous chromosomes to the two intermediate daughter cells is random with respect to parental origin.
30
Q

Telophase I

A
  • nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus.

- new nucleus is now haploid since half the genetic info is contributed to each daughter cell.

31
Q

Meiosis II

A
  • Very similar to mitosis.

- Occurs to both daughter cells from Meiosis I so it results in 4 haploid daughter cells per gametocyte.

32
Q

Gonads

A
  • produce haploid cells (sperm/ovum)

- derived from same embryological structure in female and male

33
Q

Testes

A
  • primitive gonad in male.

- seminiferous tubules & interstitial cells (cell of leydig)

34
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm.

35
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Nourish sperm

36
Q

Interstitial cells/ cells of leydig

A

secrete testosterone and other androgens

37
Q

Scrotum

A
  • external pouch that hangs below the penis
  • testes are located here
  • maintains a temperature 2/4 degrees below the body (essential for sperm production b/c of enzymes)
38
Q

epididymis

A

-mature sperm are stored here until ejaculation.

39
Q

Ejaculation

A

sperm travel through the ejaculatory duct and urethra and exit the body thru the penis.

40
Q

Seminal vesicles, prostate glad, and bulbourethral gland

A

produce a seminal fluid in which sperm pass through with it.
-this mix is to nourish the sperm (with fructose) and allow basic properties so sperm can survive in the acidic environment of female reproductive tract.

41
Q

Semen

A

Combination of sperm and seminal fluid.

42
Q

Pathway of sperm creation/ejaculation SEVEN UP

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
(Nothing)
Urethra
Penis
43
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • the formation of haploid sperm through meiosis.

- occurs in seminiferous tubules.

44
Q

Spermatogonia

A

diploid stem cells in males

45
Q

Primary Spermatocytes

A

diploid cells developed from differentiation of spermatogonia

46
Q

Secondary spermatocytes

A

First Meiotic division of primary spermatocytes results in these.
-Cells are haploid

47
Q

Spermatids

A

-Results of meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes

48
Q

Spermatozoa

A

-maturation of spermatids results in this.

49
Q

Mature spermatozoa structure

A
  • Head (genetic material)
  • midpiece (generates energy-mitochondria)
  • Tail (motility)
50
Q

Acrosome

A

cap that covers the head of the sperm

derived from golgi and is needed to penetrate the ovum.

51
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Gonads in female
  • produce estrogen and progesterone
  • consists of thousands of follicles.
52
Q

Follicles

A

multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova.

53
Q

Fallopian Tube/oviduct

A

lined with cilia that allows one egg per month to go to the uterus.

54
Q

Uterus

A

muscular, site of fetal development.

55
Q

Cervix

A

lower end of uterus and connects to vaginal canal

56
Q

Vaginal canal

A

Site of sperm deposit during intercourse.

57
Q

Vulva

A

the external female anatomy.

58
Q

oogenesis

A

production of female gametes

59
Q

oogonia

A

a limited amount of cells formed during fetal development.

60
Q

Primary oocytes

A

predifferentiated cells females already have at birth

diploid cells that are frozen in prohphase I.

61
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

Once woman reaches menarch, one primary oocyte per month will complete meiosis I producing secondary oocyte (haploid)
remains frozen in metaphase II and does not complete the remainder of meiosis II unless fertilization occurs

62
Q

zona pellucida and corona radiata

A

two cell layers around oocytes.

63
Q

Mature ovum

A

a large cell consisting of large amounts of cytoplasm and organelles.

64
Q

Acrosomal apparatus

A

a tubelike structure formed by sperm once it comes into direct contact with the secondary oocyte’s membrane. allowing for nucleus to fuse

65
Q

cortical reaction

A

reaction the ovum undergoes once nucleus fuse.

release of Calcium

66
Q

Fertilization membrane

A

a membrane that is impenetrable to other sperm to prevent multiple fertilizations.

MCAT Biology (5 decks)

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