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MCAT Biology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

3 components

A
  1. Four-chambered heart
  2. Blood vessels: veins and arteries.
  3. Blood
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2
Q

Pathway of blood through heart

A

left atrium–>left ventricle–>aorta–>arteries–>arterioles–>capillaries–>venules–>veins–>inferior/superior vena cava–>right atrium–>right ventricle–>pulmonary arteries–>lungs–>pulmonary vein–>left atrium.

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3
Q

Veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)

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4
Q

inferior/superior vena cava

A

largest vein in body.

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5
Q

arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary artery).

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6
Q

Aorta

A

largest artery in body

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7
Q

atrium

A

thin walled, blood is received here (waiting room)

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8
Q

ventricles

A

thick, and do the actual work of pumping blood.

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9
Q

capillaries

A

arterioles that perfuse tissues.

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10
Q

portal system

A

when blood passes thru 2 capillary beds.

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11
Q

Heart

A

muscular organ made of cardiac muscle of varying thickness.

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12
Q

coronary arteries

A

provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.

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13
Q

4 valves

A

tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
pulmonary valve
aortic valve

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14
Q

antrioventricular valves:

A 
valves between atrium and ventricles.
tricuspid- right AV valve
bicuspid- left AV valve 
(LAB RAT)
close DURING CONTRACTION-SYSTOLE.
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15
Q

Semilunar valves

A

valves protect the ventricles
pulmonary valve-right semilunar valve
aortic valve-left semilunar valve.
USED DURING RELAXATION-DIASTOLE)

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16
Q

Contraction phases

A
  1. Systole

2. diastole

17
Q

Systole

A

ventricular contraction, closure of the AV valves.
blood is pumped out of the ventricles
higher pressure.

18
Q

diastole

A

heart is relaxed and semilunar valves are closed. so blood is filling the ventricles from the atria.
decreased blood pressure.

19
Q

cardiac output

A

total blood volume that’s pumped by ventriole in a minute. (5 L/min in humans)
Heart rate x stroke volume.

20
Q

Control of cardiac output

A

ANS increases/decreasing heart rate to regulate cardiac output.
parasympathetic-slows heart rate by vagus nerve
sympathetic increases heart rate.

21
Q

Rhythmic contraction of cardiac muscle

A

originates in electric impules travelling thru pathway formed by 4 electrically excitable structures:

  1. sinoartrial (SA) node.
  2. atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Purkinje fibers.
22
Q

Arteries

A

Stong, thick-walled structures.
Blood is carried away from the heart.
offer high resistant to flow of blood, so ventricles must generate high pressure.

23
Q

Veins

A

thin-walled inelastic vessels.
blood is carried to the heart.
total blood volume is mainly here.

24
Q

one-way valves

A

prevent back flow of blood in veins.

25
Q

skeletal muscle and veins

A

keep the blood moving forward, veins are squeezed as muscles contract.

26
Q

capillary

A

vessels with a single endothelial cell layer. allows for exchange of nutrients and gases
very delicate.

27
Q

Blood pressure

A

potential difference between 2 points.

  • measured force/area exerted on wall of blood vessels
  • ratio of systolic/diastolic pressure.
28
Q

largest pressure drop

A

-across aterioles b/c capillaries and viens are thin walled and would not be able to handle pressure levels of arteriols.

29
Q

Blood composition

A

55% liquid

45% cells

30
Q

Cells of blood

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

31
Q

hematoporetic stem cells

A

cells from bone marrow, where erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are composed from.

32
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • Red blood cells.
  • transport oxygen
  • each cell has about 250 million hemoglobin proteins.
  • biconcave disk shape, allow for traveling thru capillaries.
  • mature RBC lose their nuclei and mitochondria.
33
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells.
increase during infection
important part of immune system
2 classes and 5 types exist.

34
Q

2 classes of leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes.

35
Q

Granulocytes types (3)

A
  • Neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • Basophils

these have cytoplasmic granules that are toxic and invade microbes. involved in inflammatory reactions.

36
Q

Agranulocytes types (2)

A
  • lympocytes: B and T cells. Specific immune response.

- monocytes- macrophages

37
Q

platelets

A 
cell fragments from breakup of cells known as megakaryocytes in the marrow. 
function is to clot blood.
38
Q

Blood antigens

A

surface proteins on cells.

MCAT Biology (5 decks)

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