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MCAT Biology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

digestion outside of the cell’s border

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2
Q

alimentary canal

A
  • site of digestion in human/mammals.

- space is outside cell borders

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3
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown of food into its organic molecules.

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4
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of large food particles but does not involve the breakage of chemical bonds

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5
Q

Chemical digestions

A

Enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds

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6
Q

Absorption

A

transport of products of digestions into circulatory system for distribution

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7
Q

Digestive tract

A

Oral Cavity –> Pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach–>Small intestine –> Large Intestine.

Also includes salivary glands and accessory organs such as pancreas, liver, gallbladder.

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8
Q

epithelial cells

A

cells that serve as a first border and primary protection against outside world.
cover exterior and interior surfaces.

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9
Q

mucous membranes

A

epithelia is most of our body cavities is known as that.

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10
Q

Basement membrane

A

a connective tissue layer in which epithelium is bound to.

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11
Q

ways of classifying epithelia

A
  • Number of layers

- shape of cells

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12
Q

simple

A

1 layer

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13
Q

stratified

A

multiple layers

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14
Q

pseudostratified

A

1 layer but looks like several

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15
Q

cuboidal

A

sugar cube shape

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16
Q

columnar

A

columns shape

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17
Q

squamous

A

scale like shape

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18
Q

Oral Cavity

A

starting point of Digestive system

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19
Q

mastication

A

break down of food with teeth, lips, tongue

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20
Q

saliva

A

secreted by salivary glands

contains amylase

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21
Q

amylase

A

enzymes for breakdown of food. consists of ptyalin and lipase.

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22
Q

bolus

A

formed by tongue from the food and is forced back into the pharynx to be swallowed.

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23
Q

epiglottis

A

a fold that covers the trachea during swallowing.

in parynx area.

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24
Q

Pharynx

A

cavity that leads from mouth and nose to esophagus

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25
Q

esophagus

A

muscle tube: starts with striated muscle then transitions to smooth in thorax.
-majority of movement is involuntary (ANS)

26
Q

peristalis

A

wave contraction in esophagus to push food.

27
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter/ cardiac sphincter

A

First sphincter at the end of esophagus and before stomach.

28
Q

Stomach

A

Major site of digestions

mucosa here is thick due to acid

29
Q

Two stomach mucosa

A

Gastric glands

Pyloric Glands

30
Q

Gastric glands

A

respond to signals from the brain

-3 cell types: mucous, chief, parietal

31
Q

mucous cells

A

produce mucus to protect wall from harsh acidic environment

32
Q

cheif cells

A

secrete pepsinogen/ pepsin (to digest protein)

33
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl,, which activates zymogens for pepsin-which is most active at pH level of 2

34
Q

Pyloric glands

A

secrete hormon gastrin

produces chyme.

35
Q

Gastrin

A

hormone that induces the secretion of HCl to mix content of stomach

36
Q

Chyme

A

acidic,semifluid mix

37
Q

Gastric Juice

A

Combo of secretions from chief and parietal cells.

38
Q

Small intestine

A

Bulk of chemical digestion and most of absorption occurs here.
3 sections: dueodenum, jejunum and Ileum.

39
Q

Villi/microvilli

A

specialized structure of small intestine which increases the surface area causing an increase in absoption.

40
Q

Bacteria

A

help with digestion and absorption

41
Q

Duodenum

A

most of digestive functions occur here.

once chyme enters, a release of hormones occurs.

42
Q

Pancreatic Juice

A

Complex of enzymes in bicarbonate solution (basic solution)
helps neutralize acidic chyme.
-has pancreatic amylase, peptidase, and lipase

43
Q

Bile

A
  • complex of bile salts & pigments and cholesterol.
  • produced by liver and gallbladder
  • released in response to hormone CCK.
44
Q

Bile salts

A
  • important in mechanical digestion of fats

- have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions allowing fats to emulsify and mix with chyme

45
Q

Disaccharidases

A

maltase lactose, sucrose– carb digestion

46
Q

peptidases

A

protein digestion

47
Q

enterokinases

A

?

48
Q

secretin

A

hormone to release pancreatic juice

49
Q

CCK

A

hormone to stimulate release of bile and pancreatic juice.

50
Q

enterogastrone

A

hormone to slow the movement of chyme to allow for greater time to digest.

51
Q

Jejunum and Ileum

A

absorptive functions occur here.

52
Q

Simple sugar absorption method

A
  • active transport and facilitated diffusion into epethelial lining of gut
  • then moved to intestinal capillaries, where concentration gradient exists between blood and epithelial cells.
  • absorbed molecules go to the liver thru the hepatic portal circulation
53
Q

Fat absorption method

A
  • can easily go through cellular membrane
  • they move into intestinal cells and reform into triglycerides
  • they are then packed into insoluble chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic circulation thru lacteals instead of bloodstream.
54
Q

Chylomicron processing

A

if directly into bloodstream they become LDL “bad cholesterol”.
LDL can be taken by the liver and repackaged into HDL “good cholesterol”

55
Q

Vitamins abroption

A

Only 4 vitamins are fat soluble: A, D, E, K.

the rest are water soluble.

56
Q

Large Intestine

A

for water absorption

3 sections: cecum, colon, rectum.

57
Q

cecum

A

connects small and large intestine.

-appendix is found here

58
Q

colon

A

absorbs water and salts (recycling system)

59
Q

rectum

A

storage site for feces.

60
Q

anus

A

opening of where waste is eliminated

has two sphincters: internal and external

61
Q

internal/external sphincter

A

-internal is involuntary while external is voluntary.

62
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

allows food to go from stomach to small intestine

MCAT Biology (5 decks)

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