respiration

Question 1

what is glycolysis?

Answer 1

• occurs in the cytoplasm
• does not require oxygen
• anaerobic process

glucose is split int o two smaller three carbon pyrvuate molecules
ATP and reduced NAD are also produced

Question 2

describe the process of glycolysis?

Answer 2

1. ) phosphorylation
   
   • requires two molecules of two molecules of ATP
   • Two phosphates released from the two molecules of ATP
   • are attatched to a glucose molecules forming hexose bisphosphate
2. ) LYSIS
   
   • the destabilisation of the molecules causes it to split into two triose phosphate molecules
3. ) phosphorylation
   - another phosphate group is added to each triose phosphate forming two triose phosphate forming two triose bis-phosphate
   - these phosphate molecules come from free inorganic phosphate ions present in the cytoplasm
4. ) Dehydrogenation and formation of ATP
   
   • the two triose bisphosphate moleculesa are theb oxidesed by the removal of hydrogen atoms to form two pyruvate molecules
     
     • NAD coenzymes accept the removed hydrogens they are reduced forming two reduced NAD molecules , the reduced NAD is used in a later stage to synthesis more ATP

Question 3

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 3

• the formation of ATP without the involvement of an electron transport chain
• ATP is formed by the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate to ADP

Question 4

what is the oxidative decarboxylation

Answer 4

• first step of aerobic respiration

- link reaction because it links with anaerobic

Question 5

explain the link reaction of oxidatice decarbocylation

Answer 5

• in eukaryotic cells pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix by active transport via specific carrier proteins
• pyruvate tjen undergoes oxidative decarboxylation - carbon dioxide is removed along with a hydrogen
• the hydrogen is atoms removed are accepted by NAD
• NAD is reduced to form NADH
• the resulting the two carbon acetyl carbon is bound by coenxyme A forming acetylcoenzyme A
• acetyl CoA delivers the acetyl group to the next stage of aerobic respiration known as crebs cycle
• the reduced NAD is used in oxidative decarboxylation to synthesis ATP
• CO2 produced will diffuse away