Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > biological molecules > Flashcards

biological molecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define GLOBULAR PROTEINS

A

COMPACT
WATER SOLUBLE
HAVE HYDROPHOBIC R GROUPS ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE PROTEIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name some GLOBULAR PROTEINS

A

INSULIN
HAEMOGLOBIN
AMYLASE
ENZYMES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define the protein INSULIN and function

A

HORMONE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION
NEED TO BE SOLUBLE
HORMONES NEED TO FIT INTO THE SPECIFIC RECEPTORS ON CELL SURFACE MEMBRANES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define CONJUGATED PROTEINS

A

GLOBULAR PROTEINS
CONTAIN A NON PROTEIN COMPONENT - PROSTHETIC GROUP
PROTEINS WITHOUT A PROSTHETIC GROUP IS CALLED A SIMPLE PROTEIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DEFINE HAEMOGLOBIN AND FUNCTION

A

RED PIGMENT FOUND IN RED BLOOD CELLS
QUATERNARY PROTEINS WITH 4 POLYPEPTIDE
2 ALPHA SUB UNITS AND 2 BETA SUB UNITS
EACH SUBUNIT CONTAINS A PROSTHETIC GROUP OF HAEM
FE2+
THE FE2+ COMBINES REVERSIBLY WITH AN OXYGEN MOLECULE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DEFINE CATALASE AND ITS FUNCTION

A

QUATERNARY PROTEIN WITH 4 HAEM PROSTHETIC GROUPS
AS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IS A BY PRODUCT OF METABOLISM AND IS DAMAGING TO CELLS, THE ENZYME CATALYSE BREAKS IT DOWN TO WATER AND OXYGEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DEFINE FIBROUS PROTEINS

A

long
insoluble
due to high proportion of amino acids with hydrophobic r groups in their primary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name some FIBROUS PROTEINS

A

keratin
elastin
collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define KERATIN and its function

A

present in HAIR SKIN NAILS
has a large proportion of sulfur containing amino acids cysteine
resulting in many strong disulfide bridges forming strong,inflexible and insoluble materials
unpleasant smell of hair due to burning of sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define ELASTIN and its function

A

found in elastic fibres
present in the walls of the blood vessels in the alveoli giving flexibility to expand
is a Quaternary protein made from tropoelastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define COLLAGEN and its function

A

found in skin tendons ligaments and the nervous system

made of 3 polypeptides wound giving it flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are calcium ions responsible for (Ca2+)

A

nerve implusle transmission

muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are sodium ions responsible for (Na+)

A

nerve implulse transmission

kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are sodium ions responsible for (K+)

A

nerve impluse transmission

stomatal opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are hydrogen ions responsible for (H+)

A

catalysis of reactions

pH determination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are ammonium ions responsible for (NH4+)

A

production of nitrate ions by bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are nitrate ions responsible for (NO3-)

A

nitrogen supply to plants for

amino acid and protein formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are hydrogen carbonate ions responsible for (HCO3-)

A

maintenance of blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are chloride ions responsible for (Cl-)

A

balance positive charges of sodium and potassium ions in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are phosphate ions responsible for (PO4^3-)

A

cell membrane formation
nucleic acid and ATP formation
bone formation

21
Q

what are hydroxide ions responsible for (OH-)

A

catalysis of reactions

pH determination

22
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of

A

a pentose sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base

23
Q

what bonds are between base and phosphate

A

phosphodiester bonds

24
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

25
Q

bases can be divided into which 2 groups

A

pyrimidines- CT - single bonds

purines - AG - double bonds

26
Q

what is the job of RNA

A

as DNA chromosome is too large it cannot across the nucleolus therefore RNA transcripts the DNA molecules mRNA which is shorter than the whole chromosome

27
Q

describe and explain the DNA replication

A

an enzyme DNA helicase causes the two strands of the DNA to unravel and separate
due to this free nucleotide have been activated to their complementary bases
nucleotides are joined together by DNA polymerase
each new molecule of dna is composed of one original strand and one newly formed molecule
semi conservative replication

28
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A
  • joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycocidic bonds
  • large number of side branches
  • stored in muscles and liver
  • relatively large but compact
  • it is insoluble
29
Q

what is the structure of a amino acid

A
  • NH2-C-H-R-COOH
30
Q

what type of bond is formed between amino acids

A
  • peptide bond
  • through a condensation reaction
  • removing a water molecule
31
Q

describe the primary structure of a protein

A
  • is a sequence of amino acids joined together

-

32
Q

describe the secondary structure of a protein

A
  • hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amine groups in close amino acid monomers.
  • coil shape formed by a alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
  • in a 3 dimensional shape
  • polypeptides chains formed
33
Q

describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A
  • folding and coiling of a protein into its final shape
  • brings R groups of amino acids together
  • hydrogen bonds formed
  • ionic bonds
  • disulfide bonds
  • hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
34
Q

describe the Quaternary structure of a protein?

A
  • two or more polypeptides joined together

- Many proteins are made up of multiple polypeptide chains, often referred to as protein subunits.

35
Q

explain the break down of peptides ?

A
  • water molecule is used to break the peptide bonds in a hydrolysis reaction
  • forming the carboxyl and amine group
36
Q

what is a triplet code

A
  • is a particular sequence of 3 bases

- that codes for a specific amino acid

37
Q

what do cells need energy for?

A
  • movement
  • synthesis
  • transport
38
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

39
Q

how does ATP releases energy

A
  • through a hydrolysis reaction in a removal of a phosphate group and a addition of a water molecule
  • ATP is hydrolysed into ADP and a phosphate ion
    releasing energy
40
Q

describe the structure of ATP

A
  • ribose sugar
  • joined to a base ( adenine)
  • and to three phosphate groups
41
Q

properties of ATP

A
  • small
  • water soluble
  • releases energy in small quantities
  • easily regenerated
42
Q

why is ATP called universal energy currency

A
  • it is present in
  • cells
  • organisms
  • releases energy in small quantities
43
Q

what is in a triglyceride molecule

A
  • one glycerol molecule

- three fatty acids

44
Q

what bond in between triglycerides

A
  • ester bond
45
Q

what is in a phospholipid

A
  • 2 fatty acids
  • 1 phosphate group
  • 1 glyecrol atom
46
Q

what are lipids

A

Lipids are biological macromolecules made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

47
Q

what is a amino acid made of

A
  • amine group

- carboxyl group

48
Q

describe the formation of a peptide bond

A
  • condensation reaction
  • between amine group of one amino acid
  • and carboxylic acid group of another
  • forming a water molecule

biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions