Respiration

Question 1

define physiology

Answer 1

the function of an organisms body parts in relations the structure

Question 2

why are circulatory systems needed

Answer 2

to transport respiratory media in animals with a high SA:V ratio

Question 3

what is order of transport vessels that oxygenated blood travels through from the lungs

Answer 3

artery–>arteriole–>capillary–>cells

Question 4

how many more times O2 can air carry opposed to water

Answer 4

20x more

Question 5

what does a higher temp in water mean for O2’s affinity to it

Answer 5

the higher the temp, the lower the O2 content will be

Question 6

how have ice fish evolved to deal with high levels of O2 in their environment?
where has carbonic anhydrase moved to and why?

Answer 6

they have lost haemoglobin due to the effort used to produce it being pointless as their blood is saturated with O2.
carbonic anhydrase has moved to the gills to transfer bicarbonate into CO2 to be breathed out

Question 7

define water vapour pressure

Answer 7

the pressure at which an equilibrium is achieved between water evaporating and condensing at the same rate inside the alveoli.

Question 8

what is the water vapour pressure in all mammals (ml of mercury)?

Answer 8

47ml of mercury- constant internal pressure is maintained inside the alveoli

Question 9

what is the equation for mass transport of gas

Answer 9

M= DA(a1-a2)
————–
x

Question 10

what does M stand for in the mass transport equation

Answer 10

M= mass transport of gas

Question 11

what does D stand for in the mass transport equation

Answer 11

D= permeation coefficient (the solubility of gas in the respiratory medium)

Question 12

what does A stand for in the mass transport equation

Answer 12

A= the area of the respiratory surface (epithelium)

Question 13

what does a1-a2 stand for in the mass transport equation

Answer 13

a1-a2= the diffusion gradient across the epithelium

Question 14

what does X stand for in the mass transport equation

Answer 14

x= thickness of respiratory epithelium

Question 15

what is the most efficient exchange surface and on which animals are they found?

Answer 15

fishes’ gills

Question 16

what protects gills

Answer 16

pharyngeal pockets

Question 17

define countercurrent

Answer 17

oxygenated water flows one way over the gills and deoxygenated blood flows the other. a diffusion gradient is maintained and so O2 is constantly entering the bloodstream

Question 18

define ramjet ventilation (tuna)

Answer 18

when moving quickly, fish can simply open their mouth and allow water to pass over their gills

Question 19

define pelagic fish

Answer 19

a fish that occupies one level of the ocean

Question 20

define concurrent flow and why it is not beneficial

Answer 20

O2 would only be exchanged in sections where the blood O2 levels are low thus limiting the amount of O2 that could be absorbed by the blood

Question 21

define carbonic anhydrase

Answer 21

causes blood to be acidic and weakens O2’s affinity to Hb. ensures deoxygenated body parts receive O2 and allows swim bladder to be inflated/deflated- effecting buoyancy

Question 22

are respirator cells highly specialised for their function?

Answer 22

NO. their membranes are already adapted for gas diffusion

Question 23

do insects have a closed or open circulatory system?

Answer 23

open, air flows freely through spiracles directly to muscles

Question 24

how is air moved through spiracles and why is it done so?

Answer 24

through the inflation of air sacs powered by the movement of abdominal muscles due to spiral ribs on tracheoles causing an inability of them to contract

Question 25

how does counter current flow make for a more efficient gaseous exchange? reference equilibrium not being reached

Answer 25

the flow of O2 into the blood is kept constant as the equilibrium is not reached between blood and water.

Question 26

what does the ventilation:perfusion entail?

Answer 26

the ratio between O2 provision to blood supply to carry it away

Question 27

what does the Bohr shift entail?

Answer 27

O2 dissociating from haemoglobin faster than it would to the left

Question 28

how is O2 release from swim bladder?

Answer 28

via a release valve