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Physiology > intro > Flashcards

intro Flashcards

1
Q

how many types of AAs are there

A

20- all have a similar structure

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2
Q

what sets AAs apart from each other and how do these differences alter function

A

differences in side chains cause hydrophobism and hydrophilia. they also ionise the AAs

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3
Q

define primary structure

A

the initial sequence chain of AAs coding for a protein

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4
Q

define secondary structure

A

the primary structure folds into alpha helixes and beta sheets

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5
Q

define tertiary structure

A

the overall 3D shape of a protein

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6
Q

define quaternary structure

A

a protein composed of different tertiary subunits

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7
Q

what is an eg of a quaternary structure

A

a RBC- they have 4 Hb subunits

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8
Q

give 4 examples of structural proteins

A
  1. keratin
  2. chitin
  3. collagen
  4. cartilage
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9
Q

where would keratin be found

A

hair and nails

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10
Q

where would collagen be found

A

connective tissue and skin

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11
Q

where would chitin be found

A

insect shells

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12
Q

where would cartilage be found

A

nose, ears and shark fins

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13
Q

give 3 examples of functional proteins

A
  1. venom toxins
  2. channel proteins
  3. enzymes
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14
Q

give an example of a venom toxin

A

bungarotoxin- found in snakes

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15
Q

give an example of a channel protein

A

ion channel (used to transport ions along their concentration gradient)

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16
Q

give and example of an enzyme

A

amylase- used to aid digestion

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17
Q

what is a Q value

A

the value used to show the effect of temperature on a reaction

18
Q

how is a Q value calculated

A

Q10= Rt/Rt(-10)

19
Q

what does Q10 stand for in the Q10 equation

A

the rate of reaction with a 10ºC increase

20
Q

what does the first Rt stand for in the Q10 equation

A

the base reaction rate

21
Q

what does Rt(-10) stand for in the Q10 equation

A

the reaction rate at a temperature -10ºC to that of the base rate

22
Q

what is the composition of ATP

A

adenosine, ribose (5c), phosphate (3)

23
Q

how is energy released from ATP

A

high energy and between the phosphates is broken

24
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in the cytoplasm

25
Q

does glycolysis require O2

A

NO

26
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

27
Q

define oxidative phosphorylation

A

the process by which energy is released by the oxidation of nutrients

28
Q

define a tight junction

A

structures which prevent solutes from entering the inter-cellular space. they ensure solutes are absorbed/released into and from the correct parts of the cells

29
Q

what is the invertebrate equivalent of tight junctions

A

septate junctions

30
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth muscle
31
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle

A

to move the skeleton

32
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle

A

to pump blood round the body

33
Q

how does cardiac muscle contract in unison- refer to flow of ions between cells

A

gap junctions endure all cells are interconnected allowing ions to pass freely through them. if one cell become polarised, all of them do and the heart contracts in synchrony

34
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle

A

to line organs and contract as needed to fulfil the organs’ functions

35
Q

how do cells become classified as tissue

A

when they are grouped in an extracellular matrix and are connected to structural proteins by glycoproteins

36
Q

how many guts do insects have

A

3 in a 3 gut system

37
Q

how do tube worms create food from hydrogen sulphide

A

via symbiotic microbes called trophsomes

38
Q

how is waste excreted in insects

A

via the malphigian tube in the anus

39
Q

what is simultaneous hermaphrodity- refer to slugs

A

when both parties in sex fertilise each others eggs with their own sperm

40
Q

in which animals is simultaneous hermaphrodity practised

A

slugs and snails

Physiology (15 decks)

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