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AQA A Level Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A
  • The complete breakdown of glucose to form carbon dioxide and lots of ATP- Requires oxygen- Slow- More ATP produced per molecule of glucose than in anaeobic
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2
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A
  • The incomplete breakdown of glucose to form harmful products such as lactic acid in animals and bacteria and ethanol in plants and yeast - Doesn’t need oxygen- Fast
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3
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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5
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP- 2 NADP- 2 Pyruvate
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6
Q

What happens to glucose in glycolysis?

A

It is phosphorylated by adding a phosphate from ATP

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7
Q

What is glucose phosphorylated to in glycolysis?

A

Glucose phosphate

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8
Q

What happens to glucose phosphorylate in glycolysis?

A

It is phosphorylated by adding a phosphate from ATP

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9
Q

What is glucose phosphate phosphorylated to in glycolysis?

A

Hexose Bisphosphate

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10
Q

What happens to hexose bisphosphate in glycolysis?

A

It splits (due to its reactivity) into two triose phosphate molecules

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11
Q

What happens to each triose phosphate molecule in glycolysis?

A

They are oxidised to form pyruvate

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12
Q

When are the products of glycolysis produced?

A

During the oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate

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13
Q

What is the organic product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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14
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

Inside the matrix of the mitochondria

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15
Q

What are the products of the link reaction per reaction?

A

1 CO2, 1 NADH

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16
Q

What are the products of the link reaction per glucose?

A

2 CO2, 2NADH

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17
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

Loss of a hydrogen atom or ion

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18
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

Loss of a carbon atom

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19
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the link reaction?

A

It is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to form acetate

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20
Q

What happens to the hydrogen removed from the pyruvate during the link reaction?

A

It reduces a molecule of NAD to NADH

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21
Q

What happens to the carbon removed from the pyruvate during the link reaction?

A

It combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide which is a product of respiration

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22
Q

What happens to the acetate obtained from pyruvate?

A

It combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

23
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

In the matrix of a mitochondria

24
Q

What happens do acetyl coenzyme a in the krebs cycle?

A

It joins a 4 carbon compound to form a 6 carbon compound

25
Q

What happens to coenzyme A after acetate has been used to form a 6 carbon compound? (krebs)

A

It is recycled back to the link reaction

26
Q

What happens to the 6 carbon compound? (krebs)

A

It is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to form a 5 carbon compound- Decarboxylation produces carbon dioxide as a waste product- Dehydrogenation reduces NAD to NADH

27
Q

What happens to the 5 carbon compound? (krebs)

A
  • Decarboxylation- Reduction (2NAD to 2NADH + FAD to FADH)- Substrate level phosphorylation
28
Q

What is substate level phosphorylation?

A

Creation of ATP without ATP synthase, phosphate is added to ADP from another molecule

29
Q

What happens to the 4 carbon compound after substate level phosphorylation?

A

It goes to the start of the cycle to combine with acettate from acetyl coenzyme A

30
Q

How can lipids and proteins be respired aerobically?

A

They are broken down into acetyl coenzyme A to enter the krebs cycle

31
Q

What are the products of the krebs cycle per cycle?

A
  • 3 x NADH- 1 x ATP - 1 x FADH- 2 x CO2
32
Q

What is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH and FADH are oxidised to release electrons and protons

33
Q

What happens once electrons are released from coenzymes? (oxidative phosphorylation)

A

Electrons flow along an electron transport chain in a series of redox reactions

34
Q

What happens to the energy released from electrons passing down the electron transport chain? (oxidative phosphorylation)

A

Electrons release energy which is used to join ADP and Pi

35
Q

What is the final electron acceptor? (aerobic respiration)

A

Oxygen, it combines with electrons and protons to form water

36
Q

Which stage of respiration produces the most ATP in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

37
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

38
Q

Which type of respiration is the more efficient producer of ATP?

A

Aerobic respiration

39
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis takes place and then pyruvate is further used to oxidise NADH to NAD which is then re used in glycolysis
40
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration happen?

A

NAD needs to be regenerated

41
Q

What is produced in anaerobic respiration in mammals and bacteria?

A

Lactate (lactose fermentation)

42
Q

What is produced in anaerobic respiration in yeasts and plants?

A

Ethanal which is then reduced to ethanol (alcoholic fermentation)

43
Q

Does anaerobic respiration produce more or less ATP that aerobic?

A

Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP because lactate/ethanol aren’t fully respired (still have chemical energy)

44
Q

What doesn’t anaerobic respiration have?

A

Oxygen as a final electron acceptor

45
Q

What is a respiratory substrate?

A

Any biological molecule that can be respired to release energy

46
Q

What are three respiratory substrates?

A
  • Carbohydrates- Lipids- Proteins
47
Q

Why does every cell respire?

A

Respiration is essential life because ATP is needed for all metabolic processes (e.g. active transport), cells also need to produce the minimum amount of ATP needed to maintain metabolism

48
Q

Which respiratory substate has the most energy per gram?

A

Lipids > Proteins > Carbohydrates

49
Q

Which respiratory substate is used last?

A

Protein is only respired when there’s no lipids or carbohydrates

50
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The site of aerobic respiration in a eukaryote

51
Q

What makes up a mitochondria?

A
  • Mitochondrial DNA- Matrix- Cristae- Inner membrane- Outer membrane
52
Q

What is the matrix of a mitochondria?

A

Site of the link reaction and the krebs cycle

53
Q

What is the cristae of a mitochondria?

A
  • A fold in the inner membrane of the mitochondria- Increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation

AQA A Level Biology (13 decks)

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