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AQA A Level Biology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

How do muscles act?

A

In opposite (antagonistic) pairs in an incompressible skeleton

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2
Q

How can a limb move in both directions?

A

By using antagonistic pairs because muscles can only pull

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3
Q

What is the contracting muscle called?

A

Agonist

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4
Q

What is the relaxed muscle called?

A

Antagonist

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5
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Attach bones to bones

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6
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Attach bones to muscles

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7
Q

When do skeletal muscles contact?

A

Contract voluntarily

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8
Q

What do skeletal muscles have lots of?

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

What are skeletal muscles made up of?

A

Long cylindrical cells called muscle fibres (multinucleated)

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10
Q

What do muscle fibres contain?

A

Long organelles called myofibrils

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11
Q

What do myofibrils contain?

A

Myofilaments

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12
Q

What are 2 examples of myofilaments?

A

Actin and Myosin

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13
Q

How is myosin represented?

A
  • Dark- Thick
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14
Q

How is actin represented?

A
  • Light- Thin
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15
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

Overlapped myosin

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16
Q

What is the A-band?

A
  • All myosin- Appears dark- Anchor
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17
Q

What is the I-band?

A
  • Actin only- Doesn’t include overlap with myosin- Light in colour
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18
Q

What is the sarcomere?

A

Between z-lines

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19
Q

What does the sliding filament theory say about relaxed muscles?

A
  • Actin-myosin binding site is blocked by trypomyosin- This prevents an actin-myosin cross bridge being formed
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20
Q

What does the sliding filament theory say about contracting muscles?

A
  • Calcium ions cause trypomyosin to move out of the binding site allowing the actin-myosin cross bridge to form- Calcium ions activate ATPase (ATP -> ADP + Pi)- ATP is used to:Change the shape of the myosin head (power stroke) (continues as long as the binding site is openDetach the myosin headReturn the myosin head to rest (recovery stroke)Re-absorb calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport
21
Q

What happens to the sarcomere during contraction?

A

Becomes shorter

22
Q

What happens to the I-band during contraction?

A

Becomes shorter

23
Q

What happens to the H-zone during contraction?

A

Becomes shorter

24
Q

What happens to the A-band during contraction?

A

Remains the same

25
Q

What is the fastest way to make ATP?

A

Phosphocreatine

26
Q

How is phosphocreatine used to generate ATP?

A

PCr + ADP -> ATP + Cr

27
Q

Where does PCr come from?

A

In cells

28
Q

Why is phosphocreatine the fastest way to make ATP?

A

It is a short and simple reaction

29
Q

When are PCr / Cr used?

A

During high intensity short duration activity because PCr/Cr stores are used up quickly

30
Q

Is phosphocreatine aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

31
Q

Does phosphocreatine produce lactic acid?

A

No, it is alactic

32
Q

What are two slow ways of producing ATP?

A
  • Anaerobic respiration- Aerobic respiration
33
Q

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

A
  • 2ATP (glycolysis)- Lactate (causes muscle fatigue)
34
Q

What does aerobic respiration produce?

A
  • Lots of ATP (mainly made by oxidative phosphorylation)- No harmful waste products
35
Q

At what speed do slow twitch muscle fibres contract?

A

Slowly

36
Q

At what speed do fast twitch muscle fibres contract?

A

Fast

37
Q

At what speed do slow twitch muscle fibres relax?

A

Slow

38
Q

At what speed do fast twitch muscle fibres relax?

A

Fast

39
Q

What is the force of contraction of slow twitch muscle fibres?

A

Low

40
Q

What is the force of contraction of fast twitch muscle fibres?

A

High

41
Q

How quickly do slow twitch muscle fibres fatigue?

A

Slowly (they are resistant)

42
Q

How quickly do fast twitch muscle fibres fatigue?

A

Very quickly

43
Q

How do slow twitch muscle fibres respire?

A

Anaerobically (little aerobic respiration)

44
Q

How do fast twitch muscle fibres respire?

A

Aerobically (little anaerobic respiration)

45
Q

What do slow twitch muscle fibres have lots of?

A
  • Mitochondria- Blood vessels- Myoglobin
46
Q

What do fast twitch muscle fibres have few of?

A
  • Mitochondria- Blood vessels- Myoglobin
47
Q

What intensity of activity are slow twitch muscle fibres best for?

A

Low intensity and long duration e.g. marathon

48
Q

What intensity of activity are fast twitch muscle fibres best for?

A

High intensity and short distance e.g. sprint/long jump

AQA A Level Biology (13 decks)

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