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AQA A Level Biology > Nervous Coordination > Flashcards

Nervous Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous co-ordination

A
  • Short lived
  • Fast
  • Localised
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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All neurones not in the brain or spinal chord

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3
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • Brain

- Spinal chord

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Division of peripheral

  • Conscience control
  • Skeletal muscles
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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Division of peripheral

  • Unconscience control
  • Heart/lungs
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6
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Division of autonomic

  • Slows things down
  • Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)
  • e.g. decreasing heart rate
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7
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Division of autonomic

  • Speeds things up
  • Noradrenaline (neurotransmitter)
  • e.g. increasing heart rate
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8
Q

Reflex arc

A

Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory neurone - Relay neurone - Motor neurone - Effector - Response

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9
Q

Receptor

A
  • Specific so will only detect one type of stimulus
  • Cell or protein
  • Transform stimulus into an electrical nerve impulse
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10
Q

Sensory Neurone

A
  • Single long dendron

- Single short axon

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11
Q

Relay neurone

A
  • Within CNS
  • Many short dendrites
  • Many short axons
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12
Q

Motor neurone

A
  • Many short dendrites
  • Single long axon
  • Ends with a neuromuscular junction
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13
Q

Effector

A
  • Muscle or gland
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14
Q

Resting potential: sodium - potassium pump

A
  • Active transport using ATP
  • 3 sodium out the cell
  • 2 potassium into cell
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15
Q

Resting potential: voltage gated sodium ion channels

A
  • Closed

- Membrane not permeable to sodium

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16
Q

Resting potential: sodium - potassium ion channels

A
  • Open
  • Some potassium diffuse out down the electrochemical gradient
  • Doesn’t reach equilibrium because of the positive charge outside
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17
Q

Action potential order

A 
1- Resting potential
2- Generator potential
3- Threshold 
4- Depolarisation
5- Repolarisation
6- Hyperpolarisation
7- Refractory period
18
Q

Resting potential

A
  • sodium potassium pump
  • active transport
  • sodium out
  • potassium in
  • some potassium diffuses out via potassium channel
19
Q

Generator potential

A
  • weak stimulus
  • some sodium channels open
  • some sodium diffuses in
  • does not reach threshold
  • sodium potassium pump restores resting potential
20
Q

Threshold

A
  • Generator potential reaches threshold
  • many voltage gated sodium channels open
  • sodium diffuses into axon
  • positive feedback
21
Q

Depolarisation

A
  • sodium channels all open

- sodium diffuses in

22
Q

Repolarisation

A
  • voltage gated potassium channels open
  • potassium diffuses out
  • voltage gated sodium close
23
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A
  • membrane potential more negative than resting potential

- potassium channels start to close

24
Q

Refractory period

A
  • another action potential cannot be generated
  • makes action potentials discrete so they don’t overlap
  • uni-directional
25
Q

All or nothing

A
  • If a generator potential reaches threshold it triggers an action potential
  • all action potentials same size
  • strong stimulus generates ore frequent action potentials
  • sodium ions diffuse along the neurone
  • ahead of action potential the neurone is in resting potential
  • sodium triggers threshold
  • action potential moves as a wave of depolarisation
  • behind depolarisation phase is refractory period
  • action potential cannot go backwards
26
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  • Schwann cells make myelin
  • electrical insulator
  • prevents depolarisation
  • prevents movement of ions in and out of the neurone
27
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A
  • gaps in myelin sheath
  • lots of sodium and potassium channels
  • depolarisation only happens at nodes
  • action potentials jump between nodes in a process called saltatory conduction
28
Q

Temperature

A
  • higher temp = faster speeds up to 40 degrees

- molecules diffuse faster at higher temps (more kinetic energy)

29
Q

Saltatory conduction

A
  • action potential jumps between nodes
  • speeds up transmission of nerve impulse
  • cytoplasm conducts enough charge to depolarise the next node
30
Q

Diameter of axon

A
  • greater diameter means faster action potential speed
  • less resistance
  • more surface area for ion movement
31
Q

What is a synapse

A
  • junction between neurones
  • chemical transmission by neurotransmitters
  • e.g. acetylcholine
32
Q

What happens at synapses

A

1 - Action potential arrives at pre-synaptic knob
2 - Voltage gated calcium ion channels open and calcium ions diffuse in
3 - vesicles full of neurotransmitters fuse with pre-synaptic membrane
4 - acetyl choline diffuses across synoptic cleft
5 - acetyl choline binds with receptor on post synaptic membrane
6 - some sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in
IF THRESHOLD IS REACHED
7 - voltage gated sodium channels open
8 - action potential is triggered in the post synaptic membrane
9 - acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetyl choline and stops the response
10 - products reabsorbed in presynaptic knob and recycled

33
Q

Synapses are unidirectional

A
  • Only receptors on post-synaptic
  • Neurotransmitters released from pre-synaptic
  • Diffuse from high - low concentration across synaptic cleft
34
Q

Synaptic divergence

A
  • one neurone joins many neurones

- spreads action potential to other parts of the body

35
Q

Temporal summation

A
  • a single action potential doesn’t always trigger an action potential in the post-synaptic embrane
  • a strong stimulus will cause more frequent action potentials and release more neurotransmitters which add up to trigger an action potential in post synaptic membrane
36
Q

Synaptic convergence

A
  • many neurones join a single neurone

- amplifies the signal

37
Q

Spacial summation

A
  • weak stimulus may only create a few action potentials which doesn’t always trigger an action potential in the post synaptic neurone
  • when neurotransmitters from multiple neurones combine to trigger an action potential in a post synaptic neurone
38
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between a motor neurone and a muscle fibre

39
Q

Sarco

A

muscle

40
Q

Neuromuscular differences with colmergic synapses

A
  • more receptors on post synaptic membrane
  • action potential always generated in post - synaptic
  • enzymes found in pits in post synaptic

AQA A Level Biology (13 decks)

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