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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where do most of the reactions take place in respiration

A

mitochondria

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2
Q

Name the 3 coenzymes used in respiration

A

NAD
Coenzyme A
FAD

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3
Q

NAD + FAD do what

A

transfer hydrogen, reduce/oxidise

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4
Q

Coenzyme A does what

A

transfers acetate

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5
Q

3 things the matrix contains

A
  • enzymes
  • FAD + NAD
  • All other reactants needed for link reaction and Krebs cycle
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6
Q

Name the 4 stages of Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Link Reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
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7
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur and why

A

Cytoplasm

glucose cant cross outer mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

summarise glycolysis in 2 steps

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose to hexose Biphosphate by 2x ATP. This splits into 2x Triose phosphate
  • Oxidation of 2x TP to 2x pyruvate, by 2x NAD. Creates 4x ATP
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9
Q

State the products of Glycolysis and where they go

A
  • 2x NADH, to oxidative phosphorylation
  • 2x Pyruvate, to link reaction
  • 2x ATP(as 2 are used up in Glycolysis), used for energy
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10
Q

summarise the link reaction in 2 steps

A
  • pyruvate actively transported into matrix where its decarboxylated (loses 1C) to form CO2. Then oxidised by 2x NAD to form 2x Acetate(catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase).
  • Acetate combines with CoA to form Acetyl CoA. (No ATP produced)
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11
Q

State the products of the Link Reaction and where they go

A
  • 2x NADH, oxidative phosphorylation
  • 2x Acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle
  • 2x CO2, released as waste product
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12
Q

Where does the link reaction occur

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

State the equation for the Link reaction

A

2Pyruvate + 2NAD + 2CoA -> 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2AcetylCoA

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14
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

summarise the Krebs cycle in 3 steps

A
  • 2-C Acetyl CoA + 4-C Oxaloacetate forms 6-C Citrate, catalysed by Citrate Synthase. CoA reused in link reaction
  • Citrate is decarboxylated then dehydrogenated producing 5-C molecule. Produces CO2 + NADH
  • 5-C molecule converted to Oxaloacetate by decarboxylation -> CO2, then dehydrogenated by 2xNAD + FAD -> 2xNADH + 1xFADH. ATP produced via substrate level phosphorylation.
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16
Q

State the products of the Krebs cycle and where they go

A
  • 3x NADH, to oxidative phosphorylation
  • 2x CO2, released as waste product
  • 1x ATP, used for energy
  • 1x FADH, to oxidative phosphorylation
  • 1x CoA, back to link reaction
  • 1x Oxaloacetate, reused in Krebs cycle
17
Q

Whats substrate level phosphorylation

A

When a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another.

18
Q

What is the point of the previous stages to oxidative phosphorylation

A

To make NADH + FADH

19
Q

summarise the oxidative phosphorylation in 5 steps

A
  • NADH + FADH reoxidised, releases H atoms. H atom splits into protons and electrons. Proton enters solution in matrix.
  • Electrons pass along ETC(made up of 3 carrier proteins with iron cores) located in inner membrane. Membrane folded into cristae to increase S/A.
  • Electron loses energy at each carrier, energy used to pump protons from matrix to inter-membrane space. Creates electrochemical gradient.
  • Protons diffuse down electrochemical gradient back into matrix via ATP synthase. This movement of protons drives synthesis of ATP from ADP+Pi. (Chemiosmosis)
  • In matrix, at end of ETC, protons + electrons + oxygen (from blood) combine to form H2O. Oxygen=final electron acceptor.
20
Q

What is referred to as the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation
and what is the equation for this

A

Oxygen

4H+ + 4e- + O2 -> 2H2O

21
Q

Stage of respiration Net gain of ATP per glucose
Glycolysis ?
Link reaction ?
Krebs cycle ?
Oxidative phosphorylation ?
Total ?

A 
2
0
2
28
32
Actual yield is 30 or lower as some used to transport pyruvate into mitochondria, some protons may leak out of outer membrane
22
Q

What is Anaerobic respiration

A

process where energy us released from glucose without oxygen

23
Q

what organism carry out lactate fermentation

A

mammals

some bacteria

24
Q

describe how lactate fermentation works

A
  • Pyruvate accepts hydrogen atom from NADH, catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
  • pyruvate reduced to lactate, NADH is reoxidised
  • reoxidised NAD can continue glycolysis
25
Q

What happens to the lactate produced

A

removed from the cells into bloodstream. Taken up by liver to convert it back to glucose via gluconeogenesis

26
Q

in what organisms does ethanol fermentation occur

A

fungi and plants

27
Q

describe how ethanol fermentation works

A
  • pyruvate decarboxylated to ethanal, catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase
  • ethanal accepts hydrogen from NADH. reduced to ethanol. NAD oxidised and reused in glycolysis
28
Q

what are the products of ethanol fermentation

A

NAD, CO2, Ethanol

29
Q

whats a respiratory substrate

A

any biological molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy

30
Q

which respiratory substrates have the highest average energy value

A

carbs 15.8
lipids 39.4
proteins 17.0

31
Q

what determines how much energy is released from a respiratory substrate

A

more hydrogen per unit of mass causes more ATP to be produced when respired

32
Q

whats a respiratory quotient

A

vol of CO2 produced when a substrate is respired, divided by vol of O2 consumed, in a set period of time

33
Q

whats the formula for RQ

A

vol of CO2 released / vol of O2 consumed

34
Q

which substrates have the highest RQ

A

lipids 0.7
proteins/amino acid 0.9
carbs 1.0

Biology (10 decks)

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