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Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 3 stages in the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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2
Q

What 3 sub stages does interphase consist of

A

G1
S
G2

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3
Q

What happens during G1

A

Duplicating organelles
Growing in size
Making proteins needed for S phase

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4
Q

What is/happens in S phase

A

Synthesis, DNA synthesis happens (DNA is replicated)

Most important sequences of DNA replicated first (Housekeeping genes)

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5
Q

What specifically happens at the end of S phase

A

All of chromosomes will be replicated

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6
Q

How can cells exit the cell cycle

A

Enter G0 phase by exiting cell cycle at start of G1

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7
Q

What cells do after entering the G0 phase

A

Differentiate, die or senescence

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8
Q

What happens during G2

A

Cell keeps growing an proteins needed for cell division are made

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9
Q

Name 4 uses of mitosis

A

Wound repair
Growth
Tissue repair
Asexual reproduction

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10
Q

What is the point of Cell Cycle checkpoints

A

Damage to DNA can occur during DNA replication in interphase, e.g wrong base replicated (mutation)

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11
Q

Why is DNA replication in S phase kept short

A

Exposed bases are more susceptible to mutation

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12
Q

Name the two things that checkpoints check

A

Damaged/mutated DNA is detected and repaired

DNA is only replicated once in each cycle (rate of cell division)

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13
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint look for and where is it

A

End of G1

Checks chemicals needed for replication and any damaged DNA, ready for S phase

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14
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint look for and where is it

A

End of G2

Checks whether all DNA has been replicated without damage, ready for mitosis

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15
Q

What does the metaphase checkpoint look for and where is it

A 
During mitosis (in metaphase)
Cell checks all chromosomes are attached to spindle before mitosis continues
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16
Q

What can uncontrolled mitosis lead to

A

Cancer

17
Q

Name the 4 main stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

18
Q

Summarise 4 things that happen in Prophase during mitosis

A

DNA supercoils (condenses)
Nuclear envelope disintegrates
Centrioles divide and move to poles
Spindle forms

19
Q

Summarise 3 things that happen in Metaphase during mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up along equator
Chromosomes attach to spindle by centromere
Metaphase checkpoint checks chromosomes are attached to spindle

20
Q

Summarise 2 things that happen during Anaphase during mitosis

A

Centromeres divide, separating sister chromatids

Spindles contract moving chromatids to poles

21
Q

Summarise 3 things that happen in Telophase during mitosis

A

Chromatids uncoil and lengthen (=chromosomes)
Spindle fibre disintegrates
Nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes

22
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm splits to form 2 daughter cells

23
Q

What is meant by diploid

A

each cell contains 2 sets of chromosomes, one from the mum one from the dad, both with the same genes and size

24
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid

A

haploid

25
Q

At fertilisation a haploid sperm fuses with a haploid egg to make a what

A

diploid zygote

26
Q

Whats meant by homologous chromosomes

A

Pairs of matching chromosomes- each chromosome in pair contains the same gens but different alleles

27
Q

Nam the 2 processes that produce genetic variation in meiosis

A

Crossing over of chromatids

Independent Assortment

28
Q

definition of a stem cell

A

an unspecialised cell that can differentiate into different types of cell

29
Q

Name 3 types of specialised cells in animals and there features

A

erythrocytes (RBC)= small, large SA/V, biconcave
Neutrophils= multi-lobed nucleus, chemotaxis, ingest
Sperm= lots mitochondria, small, enzymes in acrosome

30
Q

Name 3 specialised cells in plants and there features

A

Palisade=long+cylindrical, big vacuole, many chloroplast
Guard= inner cell wall thicker than outer
Root hair cell=”hair” increases SA, special carrier protein

31
Q

Name 4 uses of stem cells

A

treat diseases of the blood
if made into tissue can be used for drug testing research developmental biology
repair damaged tissue

Biology (10 decks)

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