Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
law of partial pressures
A
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of individual pressures exerted by each component gas in the mixture
2
Q
partial pressure
A
the individual pressure exerted by any particular gas in a gas mixture
3
Q
universal gas law
A
PV = nRT
4
Q
mole fractional concentration
A
the fraction of total moles of gas present represented by the gas in question
5
Q
volume fractional concentration
A
the fraction of the total volume represented by that particular gas
6
Q
tension
A
partial pressure when speaking of gases in aqueous solution
7
Q
absorption coefficient (A)
A
the dissolved concentration of a gas when the partial pressure of the gas in solution is 1atm A = Cx/Px (concentration / partial pressure of gas); a measure of gas solubility
8
Q
convective transport/transport by bulk flow
A
occurs when a gas mixture or an aqueous solution flows and gas molecules in the gas/liquid state are carried by the fluid flow
9
Q
unidirectional flow
A
ex. blood vessel
10
Q
tidal flow
A
back and forth flow ex. lungs
11
Q
standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP)
A
T = 0 degrees Celsius (273K)
P = 1atm = 101kPA = 760mmHg
1 mol gas = 22.4L
12
Q
ram ventilation
A
fish holds mouth open while swimming forward, water is “rammed” into its buccal cavity and across its gills
13
Q
gas exchange membrane/respiratory exchange membrane
A
a thin layer of tissue consisting of 1-2 epithelia, separates the internal tissues of the animal from the environmental medium
14
Q
external respiration/breathing
A
process by which oxygen is transported to the gas exchange membrane from the environmental medium and by which CO2 is transported away from the medium into the environmental medium
15
Q
ventilation
A
bulk flow/convection of air/water to and from the gas-exchange membrane during breathing
16
Q
gills
A
respiratory structures that are evaginated from the body and surrounded by environmental medium
17
Q
lungs
A
respiratory structures that are invaginated into the body and contain the environmental medium
18
Q
brachial
A
refers to structures/processes associated with gills
19
Q
pulmonary
A
refers to structures/processes associated with lungs
20
Q
external gills
A
located on an exposed body surface & project directly into the surrounding environment
21
Q
internal gills
A
enclosed within a superficial body cavity
22
Q
active ventilation
A
generation of ventilatory currents that flow to-and-from the gas exchange membrane (requires metabolic energy): unidirectional, tidal, nondirectional
23
Q
passive ventilation
A
environmental air/water currents directly or indirectly induce flow to and from the gas exchange membrane
24
Q
unidirectional active ventilation
A
pumped over the gas-exchange membrane in a one-way path
25
tidal active ventilation
air/water alternately flows to and from the gas-exchange membrane via the same passages
26
nondirectional active ventilation
air/water flows across gas-exchange membranes in many directions
27
diffusion lungs
lungs that exchange gases with the environment by diffusion only
28
dual breather/bimodal breather
animal that can breathe from air or water, usually have 2 distinct respiratory structures
29
cocurrent gas exchange
medium flows along the gas-exchange membrane in the same direction as the blood
30
countercurrent gas exchange
medium and blood flow in opposite directions
31
cross-current gas exchange
blood flow breaks up into multiple streams, each of which undergoes exchange with the medium along just part of the path followed by the medium
32
oxygen utilization coefficient
% oxygen in inhaled medium that an animal removes before exhaling the medium
33
continuous breathing
each breath is promptly followed by another in a regular, uninterrupted rhythm
34
intermittent breathing/periodic breathing
breathing in which breaths or sets of breaths are regularly interrupted by extended periods of apnea (periods of no breathing)
35
gill slits
lateral pharyngeal openings, a way to communicate with the environment
36
operculum
protective external flap that covers the gills on each side of the head
37
gill arches
run dorsoventrally between the gill slits, reinforced with skeletal elements, provides support for gills
38
gill filaments
2 in v-shape from gill arches, separates the buccal cavity on the inside from the opercular cavity on the outside
39
secondary lamellae
folds on gill filament, principal site of gas exchange
40
buccal pressure pump
develops positive pressure in the buccal cavity, forces water from buccal cavity, through the gill array, into the opercular cavity
41
opercular suction pump
develops negative pressure in the opercular cavity and thus sucks water from the buccal cavity into the opercular cavity
42
unicameral
a single sac with an open, undivided central cavity that provides access to any side compartments that may be formed by the folding of the walls
43
passive components of exhalation
not involving contraction of muscles, forces involving elastic rebound
44
active components of exhalation
forces developed by muscular contraction
45
multicameral
lung has multiple chambers
46
conducting airways
not involved in gas exchange, constitute the lung's anatomical deadspace
47
respiratory airways
where gas exchange occurs, single layer of thin epithelial cells that is richly supplied with blood capillaries
48
tidal volume
volume of air inhaled/exhaled per breath
49
expiratory reserve volume
maximal volume of air that an individual can expel beyond the resting expiratory level
50
inspiratory reserve volume
maximal volume of air that can be inhaled beyond the resting inspiratory level
51
vital capacity
maximal tidal volume (TV + ERV+ IRV)
52
diaphragm
a sheet of muscular and connective tissue that completely separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
53
external intercostal muscles
contraction expands thoracic cavity
54
internal intercostal muscles
contraction decreases thoracic cavity
55
relaxation volume
equilibrium volume of lung/thoracic wall when free of external forces
56
carotid bodies/aortic bodies
chemoreceptive bodies outside the CNS that detect hypoxia
57
pre-Botzinger complex
neuron cluster in ventrolateral medulla of brainstem - generation of breathing rhythm
58
respiratory minute volume (mL/min)
Vt (mL/breath) * f (breaths/min)
59
alveolar ventilation rate/alveolar minute volume
rate at which new air is brought into the alveoli and other respiratory pathways
60
mesobronchus (bird lung)
the primary bronchus that enters each lung and passes through the lung
61
secondary bronchus (bird lung)
2 groups that arise from mesobronchus (anterior and posterior group)
62
tertiary bronchi/parabronchi (bird lung)
small tubes connecting anterior and posterior secondary bronchi, gives off air capillaries that are surrounded by blood capillaries and are the site of gas exchange
63
air sac (bird lung)
part of the breathing system, located outside the lung, anterior and posterior sacs
64
neopulmonal system
developed system of parabronchial tubes running directly between the posterior air sacs and the posterior parts of the mesobronchi and posterior secondary bronchi (secondary to the paleopulmonal system)
65
respiratory pigments/oxygen-transport pigments
ex. Hb, undergo reversible combination with oxygen
66
metalloproteins
proteins that contain metal ions and function to increase the amount of oxygen that can be carried by a unit volume of blood
67
oxygen-carrying capacity
total amount of oxygen carried by each unit of volume
68
heme
metalloporphyrin containing iron in the ferrous state
69
myoglobins
muscle hemoglobins
70
hemocyanin
2nd most common class of respiratory pigments, found in arthropods and molluscs, one oxygen binds per 2 copper molecules
71
chlorocruorins
resemble hemoglobins and occur in certain annelids
72
hemerythrins
iron-based but do not contain heme
73
oxygen equilibrium curve/oxygen dissociation curve
shows the functional relation between the % of binding sites that are oxygenated and the oxygen partial pressures
74
percent saturation
% of binding sites that are oxygenated
75
volume percent
the volume of gas carried per 100 volumes of blood
76
blood oxygen utilization coefficent
% of arterial oxygen that is released to the systemic tissue
77
venous reserve
amount of oxygen mixed in venous blood
78
critical venous oxygen partial pressure
the venous oxygen partial pressure below which aerobic catabolism becomes impacted
79
Hill coefficient
index of cooperativity (1=no cooperativity, >1=high cooperativity)
80
P50
partial pressure of oxygen at which a pigment is 50% saturated
81
fixed Bohr effect
influences of proton on respiratory pigment molecules
82
CO2 Bohr effect
immediate influences of increased PCO2
83
Root effect
increased CO2 and H+ decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the respiratory pigment
84
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG, 2,3-BPG, 2,3-DPG)
organic modulator that reduces oxygen affinity of Hb, organophosphate produced in RBC
85
carbamate groups
CO2 on amino groups of Hb and other blood proteins
86
chloride shift
chloride diffuses into cells as HCO3- diffuses out of RBC via rapid anion exchange protein
87
respiratory alkalosis
exhalation of CO2 is abnormally increased relative to CO2 production
88
respiratory acidosis
exhalation of CO2 is impaired and metabolically produced CO2 accumulates excessively
89
metabolic acidosis
excessive loss of HCO3-
90
metabolic alkalosis
abnormally high HCO3-
91
rate of diffusion
diffusion coefficient * surface area * concentration gradient
92
pneumothorax
air in the chest/pleural sac causes lung to collapse on itself as air bubbles expand
93
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
difficulty taking first breath due to lack of pulmonary surfactant
94
at rest, pressure in the pleural sac is:
-4mmHg
95
during inhalation, pressure in pleural sac becomes:
-5mmHg (causes lung expansion and pressure drop in lung)
96
during exhalation, pressure in pleural sac becomes:
-3mmHg (causes lung collapse and pressure rises in the lung)
97
bird lungs
- cross-current gas exchange
- contain air sacs (accessory structures)
- unidrectional flow through the parabronchi
98
amphibian lung
- unicameral lung
| - fill lungs by buccopharyngeal pressure
99
tracheal system (insects)
system of air-filled tubes (trachea) that run throughout the body and are open to the outside world via spiracles (openings)
100
closed tracheal system (aquatic insects)
has tracheal gill instead of spiracles (openings)
101
hydrofuge hairs (aquatic insects)
gases can diffuse into hairs, traps air bubble alongside hydrofuge hairs which provides an air supply for submersion
102
book lung (spiders)
thin lamellae separated by air spaces, enters by spiracle, to atrium, to air spaces, to lamellae
103
branchial breathing system (teleost fish, gills)
- water crosses from buccal cavity, across gills, to opercular cavity
- buccal-opercular pumping
104
ram ventilation (fish)
open mouth and opercular, swim forward so that water just passes through and moves across gills
105
Fick's Law
rate of diffusion = diffusion coefficient * surface area * partial pressure gradient for gases (concentration gradient)
106
Dalton's Law
total pressure = P1 + P2 + P3
107
total pressure =
gas pressure + vapour pressure
108
Px =
(total pressure - vapour pressure) * (% of gas in mixture)
109
BTPS
body temperature and pressure, saturated with water
110
ATPS
ambient temperature and pressure, saturated with water
111
STPD
standard pressure (0 C) and standard pressure (atmospheric), dry
112
Bunsen solubility coefficient (alpha, absorption coefficient)
captures how readily a gas dissolves in a particular liquid
| depends on: type of gas, liquid (salinity), temperature
113
amount of gas dissolved =
solubility coefficient * partial pressure * volume
114
V/Q matching
need to match ventilation of structures with perfusion (bloodflow)
115
bronchiolar smooth muscle
controls air flow into the alveolus, increased CO2 causes smooth muscle relaxation
116
vascular smooth muscle (leading up to alveolus)
sensitive to O2, low O2 causes constriction to reduce bloodflow
117
high altitude pulmonary edema
blood pressure in lungs become very high due to vascular smooth muscle constriction, causes fluid to leak out of blood vessel, "water in the lung", caused by low partial pressure of O2
118
resting rate of O2 transport
250mL/min
119
Hb affinity for O2 is reduced by:
- heat
- organic phosphates
- pH decrease
- CO2
120
root effect/root shift
decrease in CAPACITY of Hb to carry O2 (downward shift)
121
Haldane effect
Hb with low O2 can bind more CO2 and H+
122
rapid anion exchanger
prevents HCO3- accumulation inside the cell
123
effect of HCO3- excretion by kidneys
increase H+, decrease pH
124
effect of H+ excretion by kidneys/gills/skin
decrease H+, increase pH
125
peripheral chemoreceptors
- O2 sensors, only detects very low O2 levels
| - aortic arch (blood coming out of heart and being sent to body) and carotid arteries (blood going to the brain)
126
central chemoreceptors (CNS)
- CO2/pH sensors
| - dominant control element
127
what can cause lungs to have decreased diffusive surfaces/diffusive limitation in lung/gill
emphysema, pneumonia
128
at extreme altitudes:
% O2 is constant but very low pressure, thus not enough driving force for air to enter lungs
129
hypercapnia
high CO2 in blood, caused by hypoventilation, lung diffusion limitations, respiratory acidosis
130
hypocapnia
low CO2 in blood, caused by hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis
