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ZOOL463 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

law of partial pressures

A

total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of individual pressures exerted by each component gas in the mixture

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2
Q

partial pressure

A

the individual pressure exerted by any particular gas in a gas mixture

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3
Q

universal gas law

A

PV = nRT

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4
Q

mole fractional concentration

A

the fraction of total moles of gas present represented by the gas in question

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5
Q

volume fractional concentration

A

the fraction of the total volume represented by that particular gas

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6
Q

tension

A

partial pressure when speaking of gases in aqueous solution

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7
Q

absorption coefficient (A)

A

the dissolved concentration of a gas when the partial pressure of the gas in solution is 1atm A = Cx/Px (concentration / partial pressure of gas); a measure of gas solubility

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8
Q

convective transport/transport by bulk flow

A

occurs when a gas mixture or an aqueous solution flows and gas molecules in the gas/liquid state are carried by the fluid flow

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9
Q

unidirectional flow

A

ex. blood vessel

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10
Q

tidal flow

A

back and forth flow ex. lungs

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11
Q

standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP)

A

T = 0 degrees Celsius (273K)
P = 1atm = 101kPA = 760mmHg
1 mol gas = 22.4L

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12
Q

ram ventilation

A

fish holds mouth open while swimming forward, water is “rammed” into its buccal cavity and across its gills

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13
Q

gas exchange membrane/respiratory exchange membrane

A

a thin layer of tissue consisting of 1-2 epithelia, separates the internal tissues of the animal from the environmental medium

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14
Q

external respiration/breathing

A

process by which oxygen is transported to the gas exchange membrane from the environmental medium and by which CO2 is transported away from the medium into the environmental medium

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15
Q

ventilation

A

bulk flow/convection of air/water to and from the gas-exchange membrane during breathing

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16
Q

gills

A

respiratory structures that are evaginated from the body and surrounded by environmental medium

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17
Q

lungs

A

respiratory structures that are invaginated into the body and contain the environmental medium

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18
Q

brachial

A

refers to structures/processes associated with gills

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19
Q

pulmonary

A

refers to structures/processes associated with lungs

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20
Q

external gills

A

located on an exposed body surface & project directly into the surrounding environment

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21
Q

internal gills

A

enclosed within a superficial body cavity

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22
Q

active ventilation

A

generation of ventilatory currents that flow to-and-from the gas exchange membrane (requires metabolic energy): unidirectional, tidal, nondirectional

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23
Q

passive ventilation

A

environmental air/water currents directly or indirectly induce flow to and from the gas exchange membrane

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24
Q

unidirectional active ventilation

A

pumped over the gas-exchange membrane in a one-way path

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25
Q

tidal active ventilation

A

air/water alternately flows to and from the gas-exchange membrane via the same passages

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26
Q

nondirectional active ventilation

A

air/water flows across gas-exchange membranes in many directions

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27
Q

diffusion lungs

A

lungs that exchange gases with the environment by diffusion only

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28
Q

dual breather/bimodal breather

A

animal that can breathe from air or water, usually have 2 distinct respiratory structures

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29
Q

cocurrent gas exchange

A

medium flows along the gas-exchange membrane in the same direction as the blood

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30
Q

countercurrent gas exchange

A

medium and blood flow in opposite directions

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31
Q

cross-current gas exchange

A

blood flow breaks up into multiple streams, each of which undergoes exchange with the medium along just part of the path followed by the medium

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32
Q

oxygen utilization coefficient

A

% oxygen in inhaled medium that an animal removes before exhaling the medium

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33
Q

continuous breathing

A

each breath is promptly followed by another in a regular, uninterrupted rhythm

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34
Q

intermittent breathing/periodic breathing

A

breathing in which breaths or sets of breaths are regularly interrupted by extended periods of apnea (periods of no breathing)

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35
Q

gill slits

A

lateral pharyngeal openings, a way to communicate with the environment

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36
Q

operculum

A

protective external flap that covers the gills on each side of the head

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37
Q

gill arches

A

run dorsoventrally between the gill slits, reinforced with skeletal elements, provides support for gills

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38
Q

gill filaments

A

2 in v-shape from gill arches, separates the buccal cavity on the inside from the opercular cavity on the outside

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39
Q

secondary lamellae

A

folds on gill filament, principal site of gas exchange

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40
Q

buccal pressure pump

A

develops positive pressure in the buccal cavity, forces water from buccal cavity, through the gill array, into the opercular cavity

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41
Q

opercular suction pump

A

develops negative pressure in the opercular cavity and thus sucks water from the buccal cavity into the opercular cavity

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42
Q

unicameral

A

a single sac with an open, undivided central cavity that provides access to any side compartments that may be formed by the folding of the walls

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43
Q

passive components of exhalation

A

not involving contraction of muscles, forces involving elastic rebound

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44
Q

active components of exhalation

A

forces developed by muscular contraction

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45
Q

multicameral

A

lung has multiple chambers

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46
Q

conducting airways

A

not involved in gas exchange, constitute the lung’s anatomical deadspace

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47
Q

respiratory airways

A

where gas exchange occurs, single layer of thin epithelial cells that is richly supplied with blood capillaries

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48
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled/exhaled per breath

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49
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

maximal volume of air that an individual can expel beyond the resting expiratory level

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50
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximal volume of air that can be inhaled beyond the resting inspiratory level

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51
Q

vital capacity

A

maximal tidal volume (TV + ERV+ IRV)

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52
Q

diaphragm

A

a sheet of muscular and connective tissue that completely separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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53
Q

external intercostal muscles

A

contraction expands thoracic cavity

54
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

contraction decreases thoracic cavity

55
Q

relaxation volume

A

equilibrium volume of lung/thoracic wall when free of external forces

56
Q

carotid bodies/aortic bodies

A

chemoreceptive bodies outside the CNS that detect hypoxia

57
Q

pre-Botzinger complex

A

neuron cluster in ventrolateral medulla of brainstem - generation of breathing rhythm

58
Q

respiratory minute volume (mL/min)

A

Vt (mL/breath) * f (breaths/min)

59
Q

alveolar ventilation rate/alveolar minute volume

A

rate at which new air is brought into the alveoli and other respiratory pathways

60
Q

mesobronchus (bird lung)

A

the primary bronchus that enters each lung and passes through the lung

61
Q

secondary bronchus (bird lung)

A

2 groups that arise from mesobronchus (anterior and posterior group)

62
Q

tertiary bronchi/parabronchi (bird lung)

A

small tubes connecting anterior and posterior secondary bronchi, gives off air capillaries that are surrounded by blood capillaries and are the site of gas exchange

63
Q

air sac (bird lung)

A

part of the breathing system, located outside the lung, anterior and posterior sacs

64
Q

neopulmonal system

A

developed system of parabronchial tubes running directly between the posterior air sacs and the posterior parts of the mesobronchi and posterior secondary bronchi (secondary to the paleopulmonal system)

65
Q

respiratory pigments/oxygen-transport pigments

A

ex. Hb, undergo reversible combination with oxygen

66
Q

metalloproteins

A

proteins that contain metal ions and function to increase the amount of oxygen that can be carried by a unit volume of blood

67
Q

oxygen-carrying capacity

A

total amount of oxygen carried by each unit of volume

68
Q

heme

A

metalloporphyrin containing iron in the ferrous state

69
Q

myoglobins

A

muscle hemoglobins

70
Q

hemocyanin

A

2nd most common class of respiratory pigments, found in arthropods and molluscs, one oxygen binds per 2 copper molecules

71
Q

chlorocruorins

A

resemble hemoglobins and occur in certain annelids

72
Q

hemerythrins

A

iron-based but do not contain heme

73
Q

oxygen equilibrium curve/oxygen dissociation curve

A

shows the functional relation between the % of binding sites that are oxygenated and the oxygen partial pressures

74
Q

percent saturation

A

% of binding sites that are oxygenated

75
Q

volume percent

A

the volume of gas carried per 100 volumes of blood

76
Q

blood oxygen utilization coefficent

A

% of arterial oxygen that is released to the systemic tissue

77
Q

venous reserve

A

amount of oxygen mixed in venous blood

78
Q

critical venous oxygen partial pressure

A

the venous oxygen partial pressure below which aerobic catabolism becomes impacted

79
Q

Hill coefficient

A

index of cooperativity (1=no cooperativity, >1=high cooperativity)

80
Q

P50

A

partial pressure of oxygen at which a pigment is 50% saturated

81
Q

fixed Bohr effect

A

influences of proton on respiratory pigment molecules

82
Q

CO2 Bohr effect

A

immediate influences of increased PCO2

83
Q

Root effect

A

increased CO2 and H+ decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the respiratory pigment

84
Q

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG, 2,3-BPG, 2,3-DPG)

A

organic modulator that reduces oxygen affinity of Hb, organophosphate produced in RBC

85
Q

carbamate groups

A

CO2 on amino groups of Hb and other blood proteins

86
Q

chloride shift

A

chloride diffuses into cells as HCO3- diffuses out of RBC via rapid anion exchange protein

87
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

exhalation of CO2 is abnormally increased relative to CO2 production

88
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

exhalation of CO2 is impaired and metabolically produced CO2 accumulates excessively

89
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

excessive loss of HCO3-

90
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

abnormally high HCO3-

91
Q

rate of diffusion

A

diffusion coefficient * surface area * concentration gradient

92
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in the chest/pleural sac causes lung to collapse on itself as air bubbles expand

93
Q

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

A

difficulty taking first breath due to lack of pulmonary surfactant

94
Q

at rest, pressure in the pleural sac is:

A

-4mmHg

95
Q

during inhalation, pressure in pleural sac becomes:

A

-5mmHg (causes lung expansion and pressure drop in lung)

96
Q

during exhalation, pressure in pleural sac becomes:

A

-3mmHg (causes lung collapse and pressure rises in the lung)

97
Q

bird lungs

A
  • cross-current gas exchange
  • contain air sacs (accessory structures)
  • unidrectional flow through the parabronchi
98
Q

amphibian lung

A
  • unicameral lung

- fill lungs by buccopharyngeal pressure

99
Q

tracheal system (insects)

A

system of air-filled tubes (trachea) that run throughout the body and are open to the outside world via spiracles (openings)

100
Q

closed tracheal system (aquatic insects)

A

has tracheal gill instead of spiracles (openings)

101
Q

hydrofuge hairs (aquatic insects)

A

gases can diffuse into hairs, traps air bubble alongside hydrofuge hairs which provides an air supply for submersion

102
Q

book lung (spiders)

A

thin lamellae separated by air spaces, enters by spiracle, to atrium, to air spaces, to lamellae

103
Q

branchial breathing system (teleost fish, gills)

A
  • water crosses from buccal cavity, across gills, to opercular cavity
  • buccal-opercular pumping
104
Q

ram ventilation (fish)

A

open mouth and opercular, swim forward so that water just passes through and moves across gills

105
Q

Fick’s Law

A

rate of diffusion = diffusion coefficient * surface area * partial pressure gradient for gases (concentration gradient)

106
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

total pressure = P1 + P2 + P3

107
Q

total pressure =

A

gas pressure + vapour pressure

108
Q

Px =

A

(total pressure - vapour pressure) * (% of gas in mixture)

109
Q

BTPS

A

body temperature and pressure, saturated with water

110
Q

ATPS

A

ambient temperature and pressure, saturated with water

111
Q

STPD

A

standard pressure (0 C) and standard pressure (atmospheric), dry

112
Q

Bunsen solubility coefficient (alpha, absorption coefficient)

A

captures how readily a gas dissolves in a particular liquid

depends on: type of gas, liquid (salinity), temperature

113
Q

amount of gas dissolved =

A

solubility coefficient * partial pressure * volume

114
Q

V/Q matching

A

need to match ventilation of structures with perfusion (bloodflow)

115
Q

bronchiolar smooth muscle

A

controls air flow into the alveolus, increased CO2 causes smooth muscle relaxation

116
Q

vascular smooth muscle (leading up to alveolus)

A

sensitive to O2, low O2 causes constriction to reduce bloodflow

117
Q

high altitude pulmonary edema

A

blood pressure in lungs become very high due to vascular smooth muscle constriction, causes fluid to leak out of blood vessel, “water in the lung”, caused by low partial pressure of O2

118
Q

resting rate of O2 transport

A

250mL/min

119
Q

Hb affinity for O2 is reduced by:

A
  • heat
  • organic phosphates
  • pH decrease
  • CO2
120
Q

root effect/root shift

A

decrease in CAPACITY of Hb to carry O2 (downward shift)

121
Q

Haldane effect

A

Hb with low O2 can bind more CO2 and H+

122
Q

rapid anion exchanger

A

prevents HCO3- accumulation inside the cell

123
Q

effect of HCO3- excretion by kidneys

A

increase H+, decrease pH

124
Q

effect of H+ excretion by kidneys/gills/skin

A

decrease H+, increase pH

125
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • O2 sensors, only detects very low O2 levels

- aortic arch (blood coming out of heart and being sent to body) and carotid arteries (blood going to the brain)

126
Q

central chemoreceptors (CNS)

A
  • CO2/pH sensors

- dominant control element

127
Q

what can cause lungs to have decreased diffusive surfaces/diffusive limitation in lung/gill

A

emphysema, pneumonia

128
Q

at extreme altitudes:

A

% O2 is constant but very low pressure, thus not enough driving force for air to enter lungs

129
Q

hypercapnia

A

high CO2 in blood, caused by hypoventilation, lung diffusion limitations, respiratory acidosis

130
Q

hypocapnia

A

low CO2 in blood, caused by hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis

ZOOL463 (7 decks)

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