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ZOOL463 > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main fluid compartments?

A

1) intracellular (28L)

2) extracellular (14)

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2
Q

what are the components of extracellular fluid compartments?

A
  • 11L in interstitial fluid
  • 3L in plasma
  • small compartments
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3
Q

what are small fluid compartments?

A

-cerebrospinal fluid
-intraocular fluid
-fluids of the GI tract
-fluid compartment of the lung
etc.

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4
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid occupying the space between the cells, derived from filtration from the capillaries, same constituents as plasma except for large proteins which are present at lower concentration

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5
Q

what are the 3 major types of proteins in the plasma?

A

1) albumin
2) globulin
3) fibrinogen

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6
Q

albumin

A

most abundant plasma protein, provides colloid osmotic pressure in the plasma, acts as nonspecific carrier protein

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7
Q

globulin

A

proteins with specificity (e.g. specific carrier proteins, enzymes, immunoglobulins)

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8
Q

fibrinogen

A

key factor in blood clotting, polymerizes into long fibrin threads during blood coagulation

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9
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

the osmotic pressure caused by protein presence, colloid osmotic pressure increases when protein concentration increases

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10
Q

outward pressure =

A

Pc (capillary pressure) + interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

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11
Q

inward pressure=

A

Pif (interstitial fluid pressure) + plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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12
Q

edema

A

swelling due to accumulation of excessive fluid in interstitial compartment, may result from changes in osmotic colloid pressure

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13
Q

presence of proteoglycan, gel formation, and collagen support in interstitial compartment ensures:

A
  • uniform distribution of fluid compartments
  • prevents fluid accumulation due to gravity
  • maintenance of optimal intracellular distance
  • mechanical support
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14
Q

lymph system

A

an accessory route for transport of fluid and macromolecules from interstitial space to veins

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15
Q

lymph flow is a function of:

A

interstitial fluid pressure

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16
Q

cytokines

A

control proliferation and differentiation of blood cells

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17
Q

what are cells called once differentiation starts (stimulation by differentiation factors)

A

committed progenitor cells (destined to become a specific group of blood cells)

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18
Q

interleukins and stem cell factor

A

increase production of all haemopoietic stem cells

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19
Q

erythropoietin

A

differentiation factor; stimulate differentiation to erythrocytes

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20
Q

thrombopoietin

A

differentiation factor; stimulate differentiation to megakaryocytes

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21
Q

granulocytes-monocytes colony-stimulating factors

A

differentiation factor; stimulate differentiation to granulocytes and monocytes

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22
Q

polymorphonuclear cells

A

aka granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

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23
Q

hematocrit

A

a measure of the proportion of volume that is occupied by red blood cells, determined by centrifugation

24
Q

main functions of erythrocytes

A

1) transport of Hb (oxygen carrier molecule)
2) Hb acts as an acid-base buffer for blood
3) RBC contains carbonic anhydrase which catalyzes production of bicarbonate

25
Q

colony-forming unit erythrocyte (CFU-E)

A

committed cells that become erythrocytes

26
Q

what is the molecular basis of sickle-cell anemia

A

Glu to Val on codon 6

27
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

caused by lack of either vitamin B12 or follic acid, results in diminished DNA synthesis and failure of nuclear maturation of RBC

28
Q

pernicious anemia

A

a form of megaloblastic anemia caused by impaired absorption of vitamin B12 due to lack of an intrinsic factor that mediates vitamin B12 absorption

29
Q

15-30% of iron is stored as:

A

ferritin (mostly stored in the liver)

30
Q

transferrin (beta globulin)

A

plasma protein that binds iron

  • transferrin-iron complex can bind to specific receptors on the erythroblasts in the bone marrow for synthesis of heme molecule
  • abnormalities in transferrin cause anemia
31
Q

platelets

A

-contain surface glycoprotein that recognizes collagen and damaged endothelial tissue

32
Q

platelets do not have a nucleus but contain:

A
  • actin, myosin, thrombosthenin (cause platelets to contract)
  • residuals of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi (can make some enzymes and store calcium)
  • mitochondria and enzymes to produce ATP and ADO
  • enzyme system to produce eicosanoids (thromboxane A2)
  • fibrin-stabilizing factor (+ growth factors used for injury-damaged tissue growth)
33
Q

haemostasis (prevention of blood loss) can be achieved by:

A

1) vascular spasm and constriction
2) formation of platelet plug
3) blood coagulation
4) growth of tissue to repair the injury

34
Q

vascular constriction resulting from a cut or rupture of a blood vessel

A
  • local myogenic spasm (result of vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2 released by platelet cells)
  • nervous reflex (initiated by activation of pain receptors)
35
Q

platelet plug

A

sufficient to stop blood loss for small ruptures, in most cases, blood coagulation occurs

36
Q

blood coagulation

A

in severe trauma, blood clot beings to develop in 20 seconds. minor trauma = 1-2 minutes. activation of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that lead to activation of thrombin

37
Q

thrombin

A

an enzyme that is the proteolytic product of prothrombin (alpha-globulin), produced in the liver due to action of vitamin K

38
Q

prothrombin activator

A

produced following vascular trauma, involves complex interactions between a number of clotting factors

39
Q

factor III

A

tissue thromboplastin: initiates extrinsic pathway (lipoprotein & phospholipid). released from tissue following trauma

40
Q

factor XII

A

Hagemen factor: initiates intrinsic pathway following blood trauma. contact of this factor with platelet and collagen or wettable surface results in configuration change and activation, which in turn activates other factors to lead to clotting

41
Q

factor I

A

fibrinogen

42
Q

factor II

A

prothrombin

43
Q

factor III

A

tissue factor, tissue thromboplastin

44
Q

factor IV

A

calcium

45
Q

factor V

A

proaccelerin; labile factor; Ac-globulin (Ac-G)

46
Q

factor VII

A

serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA); proconvertin; stable factor

47
Q

factor VIII

A

antihemophilic factor (AHF); antihemophilic globulin (AHG); antihemophilic factor A

48
Q

factor IX

A

plasma thromboplastin component (PTC); Christmas factor; antihemophilic factor B

49
Q

factor X

A

Stuart factor; Stuart-Prower factor

50
Q

factor XI

A

plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA); antihemophilic factor C

51
Q

factor XII

A

Hageman factor

52
Q

factor XIII

A

fibrin-stabilizing factor

53
Q

absence of factor VIII

A

hemophilia A (85% of cases), an X-linked recessive trait

54
Q

what are natural anticoagulants contained in the blood?

A
  • glycocalyx
  • thrombomodulin
  • heparin
55
Q

glycocalyx

A

mucopolysaccharide adsorbed to inner surface of endothelium, repels the clotting factors and platelets

56
Q

thrombomodulin (alpha 2-macroglobulin, 360 000D)

A

binds with thrombin and prevents coagulation

57
Q

heparin

A

activate other factors that remove thrombin, also increases activity of antithrombin-III by 100-1000 fold

ZOOL463 (7 decks)

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