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ZOOL463 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

diapedesis

A

movement of WBC to tissues, process involves deformation of cells to pass through a small pore, mediated by selectins which are present in inner part of endothelial cells in vein, mediated by selectins on surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells of venous capillaries. when activated by chemotactic factors, cause slow down of leukocytes and diapedesis

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2
Q

granulocytes (polymorphonuclear cells)

A

spend 4-8 hours circulating the blood, enters injured tissue and exists for 4-5 days

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3
Q

monocytes

A

10-20 hours in circulation, enter tissue and enlarge, become tissue macrophages, exist for months

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4
Q

reticuloendothelium system

A

tissue where macrophages and neutrophils are (e.g. bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)

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5
Q

lymphocytes

A

enter circulation continually from the lymph nodes, circulate between tissues/lymphatic system/circulation, have a life span of months or years

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6
Q

neutrophil (granulocyte)

A
  • the most abundant leukocyte in blood
  • first defensive cell type to be recruited to site of infection (chemotaxis)
  • able to find bacteria or fungi and neutralize them by phagocytosis
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7
Q

eosinophil (granulocyte)

A
  • mobilized following parasitic infection
  • release substances that kill/weaken the parasites (hydrolytic enzymes)
  • release H2O2 to help with detoxification of inflammatory substances and neutralize toxins released by parasites
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8
Q

basophil

A
  • circulating counterparts of tissue mast cells
  • produce heparin to prevent coagulation, increase mobility, and facilitate removal of fat particles
  • release histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin
  • part of allergic reaction which is mediated by IgE
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9
Q

opsonization

A

the immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by phagocytosis, macrophages and neutrophils have receptors for C3B and antibody (enhances recognition of foreign organisms)

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10
Q

innate (natural) immunity

A
  • physical barriers (skin)/factors (pH, temperature, oxygen tension)
  • the soluble compounds (lysozyme, complement complex system, C-reactive protein, cytokines)
  • cellular components (NK cells, phagocytic cells)
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11
Q

lysozyme

A

enzymes that can attack bacterial cell wall

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12
Q

C-reactive protein

A

binds to surface of damaged cells and bacteria, promotes the binding and activation of the complement system + facilitates opsonization (more efficient uptake by macrophages)

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13
Q

complement complex system

A

a system of 20 serum proteins which interact in a cascade, can result in recruitment of inflammatory cells, opsonization of pathogens, killing of pathogens

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14
Q

what are 2 pathways for complement system activation?

A

1) classical pathway (activated by antibody-antigen complexes)
2) alternative pathway (binding of complements to surface molecules of pathogens)

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15
Q

cytokines

A

biochemical messengers that stimulate leukocyte activity following infection (can act as chemotactic factor and also contributes to increased production of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes due to release of stimulating factors)

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16
Q

phagocytic cells

A

macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)/neutrophils can recognize and remove foreign cells and components

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17
Q

natural killer cells

A

lymphoid-derived cells (lymphocytes) that can recognize cell surfaces changes on virally-infected cells, foreign cells, and some tumour cells. Binds to these cells and kills them

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18
Q

interferons

A

family of glycoproteins: produced by virally-infected cells and sometimes also by lymphocytes, causes activation of NK cells, forms the first line of defence against viral infection (produced early in infection), also acts on neighboring cells in a paracrine fashion to block protein synthesis to stop virus replication

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19
Q

perforin

A

the protein that mediates NK cell attack on tumour cells/virus infected cells (perforation of membrane and lysis)

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20
Q

reticuloendothelial system

A

network of phagocytic tissue and macrophages and neutrophils, found in areas prone to infection (e.g. skin and subcutaneous tissue, liver sinuses, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, alveola)

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21
Q

antibodies

A

gamma globulins/immunoglobulins composed of 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains (4 disulfide bonds)

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22
Q

antigen binding region/fragment antigen binding Fab

A

variable in different antibodies and allows specific binding to antigen (consists of light chain and parts of the heavy chain)

23
Q

fragment crystalline Fc

A

similar in most antibodies and can bind to host-tissue and complements after antibody is bound to antigen (consists only of the heavy chain)

24
Q

antigenic determinant domain / epitope

A

the region of the molecule where the antigen binding region (Fab) of an antibody binds (usually there is a minimum molecular weight)

25
Q

what are the 5 different classes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

26
Q

IgG

A

major immunoglobulin (70-75% of circulating Ig), major antibody of secondary immune response and exclusive toxin class

27
Q

IgA

A

(15-20% of circulating Ig), major immunoglobulin in sero-mucous secretion e.g. saliva, milk, genito-urinary secretion

28
Q

IgM

A

(10% of circulating Ig) pentameric immunoglobulin in vascular pool, an early antibody against antigenically complex organisms

29
Q

IgD

A

(1% of circulating Ig) not secreted, major form on the membrane of B-lymphocytes, may play a role in antigen triggering of lymphocyte differentiation

30
Q

IgE

A

present on the surface of basophil and mast cells, involved in parasitic immunity and allergic reaction

31
Q

adaptive immune response

A

production of specific antibodies (immunoglobulins) against the invading agents by B lymphocytes (humoral immunity) and specific targeting of invading agents by T lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity)

32
Q

clonal selection

A

selection of the specific clones of antibody producing B-cells once antigen binds and activated a preformed B-cell (leads to proliferation of the same type of B-cells that secrete specific antibodies against the same antigen)

33
Q

plasma cells

A

formed from further differentiation of activated B-cells during proliferation/clonal selection (have more ER and increased protein-synthesizing ability, can produce antibodies rapidly)

34
Q

memory cells

A

B-cells that do not form plasma cells, have the membrane component to recognize the antigen and increases the population of activated B-cells upon cases of re-infection

35
Q

secondary response

A

subsequent exposure to the same antigen will cause a much more rapid and potent antibody response because there are more memory cells that can recognize the antigen (also results in faster production of antibodies)

36
Q

what are the actions of antibodies?

A
  • agglutination/precipitation: forms clumps/large insoluble complexes that are less functional
  • neutralization=alters tertiary structure or covers the active site to make it inactive
  • opsonization (more effectively removed by macrophages)
  • complement activation (can cause cell lysis by formation of a membrane attack complex)
37
Q

what are 3 major groups of T-cells?

A

1) helper T-cells
2) cytotoxic T-cells (killer cells)
3) suppressor T-cells

38
Q

helper T-cells

A
  • secretes cytokines (including interleukins) - enhances B-cell proliferation and antibody secretion
  • secretes B cell growth factor which enhances B cell proliferation and antibody secretion (includes enhanced development of plasma cells)
39
Q

cytotoxic T-cells (killer cells)

A

binds to specific antigenic sites on the foreign cell surface and secrete perforin that mediates hole formation through which cytotoxic compounds are injected and initiates a cascade leading to apoptosis (can also proliferate and produce memory cells), presents a challenge to tissue grafts

40
Q

histocompatibility molecule

A

characteristic proteins on the membrane of all cells (other than RBCs), aka human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

41
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

group of genes that code for histocompatibility molecule proteins, difference in MHC marks the cell as an antigen

42
Q

antigens can be presented by:

A

macrophages (after being engulfed) or infected cells, bound to MHC receptors on the antigen-presenting cells (APC)

43
Q

class-1 MHC

A

produced by all cells except by RBCs and recognized only by cytotoxic T cells

44
Q

class-2 MHC

A

produced only by macrophages and B-cells, recognized only by helper T-cells (thus helper T-cells can only be activated by macrophages or B cells presenting the antigen)

45
Q

CD8

A

coreceptor found on killer T-cells that determines specificity for activation by antigen bound to class-1 MHC

46
Q

CD4

A

coreceptor found on helper T-cells that determines specificity for activation by antigen bound to class-2 MHC

47
Q

B-cell activation

A

1) direct binding to antigen
2) antigen presentation by other leukocytes (e.g. macrophages)
3) secretion by helper T-cells

48
Q

suppressor T-cells

A

act as regulatory T-cells, reduces activity of helper T-cells, important for self immune tolerance

49
Q

immune tolerance mechanisms:

A

1) clonal deletion

2) clonal anergy

50
Q

clonal deletion

A

destruction of lymphocytes that have receptors for self (cells with identical MHC) during development and fetal stages

51
Q

clonal anergy

A

lymphocytes directed against self-antigens may be present, but do not attack self antigen (containing identical MHC), suppressor T-cells may play a role

52
Q

inflammation

A
  • migration of a large number of macrophages and granulocytes into tissue
  • vasodilation of local blood vessels and excess blood flow
  • increased capillary permeability
  • increased interstitial fluid
  • clotting of interstitial fluid due to leakage of fibrinogen and other plasma proteins = walling off of organisms and potential toxins
  • swelling of tissue cells
53
Q

what are the tissue products that cause the inflammatory response?

A

histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins, reaction products of complement system, reaction products of blood-clotting systems, a number of hormonal substances known as lymphokines (released by sensitized T-cells)

ZOOL463 (7 decks)

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