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ZOOL463 > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

intercalated disks

A

gap junctions and localized mechanical adhesions

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2
Q

accessory/auxiliary hearts

A

secondary/local hearts that assist with the pumping of blood through localized parts of the body

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3
Q

myocardium

A

the muscle tissue of a heart

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4
Q

isovolumetric contraction/isometric contraction

A

period where ventricular pressure is greater than atrium (atrio-ventricular valves close) but lower than aorta (aortic valve not pushed open) = volume in ventricle is constant

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5
Q

ventricular ejection

A

marked by opening of aortic valve and ends when it closes

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6
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

ventricular pressure falls with both inflow/outflow valves closed

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7
Q

ventricular filling

A

ventricular pressure below atrial pressure, inflow valve opens

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8
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped per unit time; cardiac output = heart rate * stroke volume

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9
Q

in mammals/birds, ventricular myocardium is compact :

A

muscle cells are close together and blood cannot flow from ventricular lumen among myocardial cells

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10
Q

coronary artery

A

branch from systemic aorta that carries oxygenated blood to capillary beds throughout the myocardium

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11
Q

coronary veins

A

carries blood from myocardium into the right atrium

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12
Q

pacemarker

A

cell or set of cells that spontaneously initiates the rhythm of depolarization of the heart

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13
Q

myogenic

A

electrical impulse to contract originates in muscle cells

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14
Q

neurogenic

A

each impulse to contract originates in neurons

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15
Q

conduction

A

the process by which depolarization spreads through vertebrate/myogenic hearts

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16
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of myocardium of the 2 atria

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17
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of myocardium of the 2 ventricles (ventricular contraction)

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18
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of the ventricles

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19
Q

regulatory neurons

A

CNS neurons that modulate heart action

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20
Q

intrinsic controls

A

occur without the mediation of hormones or extrinsic neurons

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21
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism

A

intrinsic control, stretching of cardiac muscle leads to increased force of contraction

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22
Q

perfusion

A

the forced flow of blood through blood vessels

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23
Q

blood pressure

A

produced by the heart and is the principal factor that causes blood to flow through the vascular system, amount of pressure by which the blood exceeds the ambient pressure

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24
Q

systolic pressure

A

the highest pressure attained at the time of cardiac contraction

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25
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the lowest pressure reached during cardiac relaxation

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26
Q

fluid-column effects

A

in an unobstructed vertical column, fluid exerts increasing pressure as height is increased

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27
Q

open circulatory system

A

blood leaves discrete vessels and bathes at least some nonvascular tissues directly

  • hemocoel: open space where fluid is “dumped”
  • hemolymph: fluid that comes into direct contact with cells, cannot differentiate as blood in vs. out of vessel because it occupies both of these spaces
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28
Q

closed circulatory system

A

always a barrier separating blood from other tissues

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29
Q

vascular endothelium

A

single-layered epithelium lining all blood vessels

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30
Q

arteries

A

thick walls lined with muscle and elastic tissue

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31
Q

pressure-damping effects

A

effect of arterial elasticity - reduces variations in arterial pressure over the cardiac cycle

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32
Q

pressure-reservoir effects

A

effect of arterial elasticity - maintains pressure in arteries even when heart is at rest between beats

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33
Q

microcirculatory beds

A

consist of arterioles, capillaries, capillary beds, venules

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34
Q

arterioles

A

walls have smooth muscle and connective tissue, smooth muscle is involved in vasomotor control of blood distribution (changes luminal radius of blood vessel to direct blood flow)

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35
Q

capillaries

A

walls consist of vascular endothelium, usually fenestrated (physical gaps in the wall), the primary site of oxygen, water, and exchange of other materials between blood and tissues

36
Q

capillary bed

A

consist of many capillaries that branch and anastomose among the cells of a tissue, walls contain aquaporins which facilitates osmosis between blood and tissue fluid outside capillaries

37
Q

angiogenesis

A

the process of forming new capillaries and other microcirculatory elements

38
Q

venules

A

small vessels with thin walls containing muscle and connective tissue

39
Q

veins

A

blood is low pressure, contains passive one-way valves, capacitive properties allows holding of blood that cannot be housed elsewhere in the circulatory system

40
Q

ultrafiltration

A

pressure-driven bulk flow of fluid out of the blood plasma across the capillary walls

41
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

difference in osmotic pressure of blood plasma to extracellular tissue fluid (plasma has more dissolved proteins)

42
Q

Starling-Landis hypothesis

A

overall effect is a net loss of fluid to interstitial fluid, which is picked up to the lymphatic system

43
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

blood leaving heart to go to lung

44
Q

branchial circuit

A

in water breathers, heart to gills

45
Q

systemic circuit/circulation

A

blood to body tissues

46
Q

lobster heart (open cardiovascular system)

A
  • heart contraction squeezes hemolymph which eventually spills into hemocoel
  • ostium = pore/opening on heart where hemolymph re-enters, has valves that prevent hemolymph from leaving during contraction
  • spring-like ligaments/suspensory ligaments connects heart to structures around it, stretched during contraction
47
Q

fish heart

A
  • 2 chamber heart: 1 atrium and 1 ventricle
  • sinus venosus: collects blood, pacemaker of heart beat
  • atrium: muscular, contracts, job is to fill the ventricles, primer pump
  • ventricle: muscular, contracts, power pump
  • bulbus arteriosis (teleosts) or conus arteriosus (elasmobranchs, lungfish, bowfin)
  • aorta
48
Q

bulbus arteriosis (in teleosts)

A
  • not muscular, elastic

- valves keep blood moving toward the aorta

49
Q

conus arteriosis (in elasmobranchs, lungfish, bowfin)

A
  • muscular, contractile ability

- also helps depulsate and decrease pressure of ventricle’s blood surge

50
Q

circulatory plan of water breathers

A

heart, O2 source, and tissues in series with each other, low pressure blood going into system circuit limits metabolism (limits rate of blood being pushed through circulation)
-heart is also perfused with low O2 blood, limits heart’s ability to pump blood

51
Q

circulatory plan of air and water breathing fish (fish with ABO - air breathing organs)

A

heart, O2 source, and tissues in parallel with each other

-heart receives low O2 venous blood mixing with high O2 blood from O2 source (heart gets more O2 than water breathers)

52
Q

shunting

A

the ability of blood to follow pulmonary/branchial circuit or systemic circuit

53
Q

pulmonary vasomotor segment in lungfish heart

A

band of muscle that surrounds ductus (leading to aorta/system circuit) and pulmonary artery. contraction controls shunting, when breathing air, pulmonary artery opens and ductus closes

54
Q

when amphibians hold breath:

A

blood is shunted to systemic circuit via pulmonary-to-systemic shunt (constriction of pulmonary blood vessels, higher resistance=less blood flow in pulmonary circuit)

55
Q

right ventricle of crocodilian heart leads to:

A

pulmonary artery and left aorta (systemic arch)

56
Q

left ventricle of crocodilian heart leads to:

A

right aorta (systemic arch)

57
Q

Foramen of Panizza

A

hole between L & R aorta, outside of heart, allows mixing between blood

58
Q

cogwheel valves (in crocodilian heart)

A

2 swellings near pulmonary artery in right ventricles, active valves, contracts when breath holding and closes pulmonary artery, this generates high pressure in right ventricle which pushes blood out at high pressure to left aorta (shunts low O2 blood into systemic circuit)

59
Q

pulmonary valve + aortic valve

A
  • semilunar valves

- tricuspid

60
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A
  • prevents backflow from ventricles to atria
  • right AV = tricuspid
  • left AV = bicuspid/mitral valve
61
Q

cordae tendinae

A

connected to mitral/bicuspid valve on left side of heart, prevents prolapsed valve, attached to papillary muscle on ventricular valves

62
Q

fetal pulmonary to aortic shunt

A

right atrium to right ventricle to ductus arteriosus to aorta

63
Q

foramen ovale

A
  • valve in fetal heart
  • provides a passage between right and left atrium, so that blood can pass to left ventricle and then aorta (another shunt passage to systemic circuit)
64
Q

fetal circulatory system changes after taking first breath:

A
  • pulmonary pressure falls (stops all shunting passages)
  • left pressure > right pressure (can’t be pushed through foramen ovale, closes and becomes nonfunctional)
  • pulmonary artery blood flows to the lungs instead of the aorta (lower pressure in lungs)
  • smooth muscle in ductus arteriosus squeezes closed and forms ligamentum arteriosis
65
Q

dihydropyridine receptors

A

voltage gated calcium channels on T-tubules of cardiac muscle, not linked to ryanodine receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum (entry of calcium binds to ryanodine receptors and causes release of intracellular calcium stores=calcium-induced calcium release)

66
Q

cardiac glycosides

A
  • modifies internal calcium levels
  • ex. digitalis (foxglove), oubain, digoxin blocks Na-K pump
  • increased intracellular Na causes Na/Ca pump to increase such that intracellular Ca rises and can bind to ryanodine receptors (causes increased heart rate and force of contraction)
67
Q

what are 2 kinds of cardiac muscle?

A

1) working myocardium (lots of myofibrils, lots of SR, prolonged action potential)
2) pacemakers (depolarize spontaneously, conducting action potentials, don’t contract)

68
Q

what are the 4 types of pacemaker cells?

A

1) sinoatrial node (SA) node (right atrium)
2) atrioventricular node (AV)
3) bundles of HIS
4) Purkinje fibres

69
Q

AV nodal delay

A

AV nodal link between atria and ventricles is very high resistance, requires more time for membrane depolarization to reach threshold. This causes atrial contraction to occur before AV node initiates ventricular contraction

70
Q

amplitude of electrocardiogram signal that reaches body surface is influenced by:

A
  • mass of muscle

- rate of depolarization

71
Q

Einthoven’s Triangle

A

-leads placed on left arm, right arm (reference=0), left leg (sense)

72
Q

PR segment

A

2 electrodes are seeing the same signal, caused by AV nodal delay

73
Q

ST segment

A

plateau of ventricular action potential

74
Q

TP segment

A

diastole (ventricular relaxation)

75
Q

chronotropic

A

effect on heart rate

76
Q

inotropic

A

effect on strength of contraction

77
Q

lusitropic

A

effect on relaxation

78
Q

dromotropic

A

effect on rate of spread of cardiac action potential

79
Q

parasympathetic control of heart rate

A
  • cholinergic (ACh) neurons
  • main=vagus nerve, mostly affects pacemakers
  • increases K+ conductance (slower rate of rise of pacemaker potential)
  • slows heart rate, rate of depolarization, increases AV nodal delay
80
Q

sympathetic control of heart rate

A
  • adrenergic (NE) neurons
  • activated by catecholamines
  • acts on pacemakers and working muscle
  • decreases K+ conductance
  • easer for pacemaker potential to rise, increased heart rate, increased spread of depolarization, decreased AV nodal delay
  • catecholamines binding to B1 receptors on working muscle activates protein kinases that phosphorylate Ca channels and troponin, causes increased Ca entry and increased binding of Ca to troponin, increased force of contraction (inotropic effect)
81
Q

stroke volume

A

blood ejected per beat (mL/beat)

82
Q

heart rate

A

contractions/min

83
Q

cardiac output

A

heart rate * stroke volume = mL/min

84
Q

Frank/Starling Relationship or Law of the heart

A

higher end-diastolic volume is proportional to stroke volume, until end-diastolic volume reaches a very high volume and causes congestive heart failure

85
Q

sympathetic stimulation increases heart contraction force, what effects does this have on a SV vs. EDV figure?

A

causes an upward shift, potential treatment for congestive heart failure

86
Q

what affects end-diastolic volume?

A

EDV is a function of how much blood is returned to the heart (venous return) and is affected by:

  • squeezing veins (sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle around the veins)
  • skeletal muscle contraction helps with venous return
  • respiratory pumping (inspiration decreases intra-thoracic pressure and right atrium pressure and increases venous return)
  • cardiac suction (elastic recoil of the heart)
  • valves in veins (passive structures that help return blood to the heart)

ZOOL463 (7 decks)

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