Respiration Flashcards
What is metabolism?
chemical reactions taking place in a cell
What are the intermediates in metabolic pathways called?
Metabolites
What is the equation for cellular respiration
Glucose+Oxygen = Carbon dioxide+Water
Equation for formation of ATP
ADP+Phosphate
What are some uses of ATP
Muscle contraction
Active transport
Biosynthesis
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Mitochondria
What are the folds of the inner membrane called?
Cristae
What are stalked particles for in the mitochondria?
Enzyme complexes that synthesise ATP
What is the space inside the inner membrane called?
Mitochondrial matrix
Why does respiration take place in different parts of the cell?
To keep metabolites separate to control the stages more easily
Stages of glycolysis
Glucose enters by facilitated diffusion
converted into glucose phosphate
into triose phosphate
into pyruvate
How is the uptake of glucose regulated?
Glucose enters mitochondria by specific glucose carrier which can be controlled by certain hormones
What is the purpose of phosphorylation of glucose?
Keeps glucose in the cell by removing pure glucose so glucose will always diffuse down concentration gradient
Activates glucose making it more reactive
What happens in the link reaction
Pyruvate converted to acetyl coA with the loss of CO2 and one hydrogen atom
What happens in the krebs cycle?
Acetyl coA to oxaloacetate to alpha ketoglutarate to citrate. Loss of CO2
What happens in oxidative phosphorylation
Hydrogen atoms from NADH release their energy to form ATP and are combined with oxygen to form water
How is a proton gradient formed across membrane in oxidative phosphorylation
Energy release from electrons is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to inner membrane space
What is chemiosmosis?
The method of storing energy by creating a proton gradient across a membrane
How many ATP molecules are produced in anaerobic respiration?
2
What is produced in anaerobic respiration in animals and bacteria>
Lactate
What is produced in anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi
Ethanol and CO2
What is the benefit of lactic acid anaerobic respiration being reversible?
Energy remaining in lactate molecule can be retrieved when oxygen becomes available
lactate oxidised back into pyruvate
which can proceed to link reaction and so on
What is the main source of glucose in humans?
Glycogen
Why does converting pyruvate to lactate allow continued production during anaerobic respiration ?
Oxidises reduced NAD
NADH used in glycolysis
What causes dye to move down tube in experiment
O2 taken up
CO2 given out and absorbed by KOH
Pressure decreases
Uses of ATP in a liver cell
Source of energy
Phagocytosis
Bile production
What happens to energy that is not transferred to make ATP?
Lost as heat
Explain why ATP is better than glucose as an immediate energy source for cell
metabolism
Energy available (more) rapidly / released in a single reaction; Energy released in small quantities / manageable quantities
When is NAD produced in anaerobic respiration?
Formed when NADH is used to convert pyruvate to ethanol
What is the yield per glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration?
2
What is NADH used for in anaerobic respiration?
Reduces pyruvate
What are remaining H+ ions used for in respiration?
Join with oxygen to form water
How can glycogen be used as a source of energy?
Can be hydrolysed into glucose and then used in respiration to produce ATP
