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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

chemical reactions taking place in a cell

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2
Q

What are the intermediates in metabolic pathways called?

A

Metabolites

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3
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration

A

Glucose+Oxygen = Carbon dioxide+Water

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4
Q

Equation for formation of ATP

A

ADP+Phosphate

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5
Q

What are some uses of ATP

A

Muscle contraction
Active transport
Biosynthesis

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6
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

What are the folds of the inner membrane called?

A

Cristae

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8
Q

What are stalked particles for in the mitochondria?

A

Enzyme complexes that synthesise ATP

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9
Q

What is the space inside the inner membrane called?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

Why does respiration take place in different parts of the cell?

A

To keep metabolites separate to control the stages more easily

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11
Q

Stages of glycolysis

A

Glucose enters by facilitated diffusion
converted into glucose phosphate
into triose phosphate
into pyruvate

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12
Q

How is the uptake of glucose regulated?

A

Glucose enters mitochondria by specific glucose carrier which can be controlled by certain hormones

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13
Q

What is the purpose of phosphorylation of glucose?

A

Keeps glucose in the cell by removing pure glucose so glucose will always diffuse down concentration gradient
Activates glucose making it more reactive

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14
Q

What happens in the link reaction

A

Pyruvate converted to acetyl coA with the loss of CO2 and one hydrogen atom

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15
Q

What happens in the krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl coA to oxaloacetate to alpha ketoglutarate to citrate. Loss of CO2

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16
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Hydrogen atoms from NADH release their energy to form ATP and are combined with oxygen to form water

17
Q

How is a proton gradient formed across membrane in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Energy release from electrons is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to inner membrane space

18
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The method of storing energy by creating a proton gradient across a membrane

19
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

2

20
Q

What is produced in anaerobic respiration in animals and bacteria>

A

Lactate

21
Q

What is produced in anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi

A

Ethanol and CO2

22
Q

What is the benefit of lactic acid anaerobic respiration being reversible?

A

Energy remaining in lactate molecule can be retrieved when oxygen becomes available
lactate oxidised back into pyruvate
which can proceed to link reaction and so on

23
Q

What is the main source of glucose in humans?

A

Glycogen

24
Q

Why does converting pyruvate to lactate allow continued production during anaerobic respiration ?

A

Oxidises reduced NAD

NADH used in glycolysis

25
Q

What causes dye to move down tube in experiment

A

O2 taken up
CO2 given out and absorbed by KOH
Pressure decreases

26
Q

Uses of ATP in a liver cell

A

Source of energy
Phagocytosis
Bile production

27
Q

What happens to energy that is not transferred to make ATP?

A

Lost as heat

28
Q

Explain why ATP is better than glucose as an immediate energy source for cell
metabolism

A 
Energy available (more) rapidly / released in a single reaction;
Energy released in small quantities / manageable quantities
29
Q

When is NAD produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

Formed when NADH is used to convert pyruvate to ethanol

30
Q

What is the yield per glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration?

A

2

31
Q

What is NADH used for in anaerobic respiration?

A

Reduces pyruvate

32
Q

What are remaining H+ ions used for in respiration?

A

Join with oxygen to form water

33
Q

How can glycogen be used as a source of energy?

A

Can be hydrolysed into glucose and then used in respiration to produce ATP

Biology (25 decks)

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