Internal Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What do alpha cells detect?

A

A drop in blood glucose

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2
Q

What do beta cells detect? How do they differ to alpha?

A

Detect a rise - they are smaller and more numerous

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3
Q

What are the three main sources of glucose entering blood?

A
  • Absorption from gut following digestion of carbohydrates
  • hydrolysis of stored glycogen
  • conversion of non carbohydrates such as lactate, fats and amino acids
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4
Q

Where are the B cells situated in the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans

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5
Q

What do B cells synthesise?

A

Insulin

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6
Q

How does glucose enter beta cells

A

Facilitated diffusion via carrier proteins

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7
Q

Why do people with type II diabetes not usually recieve pancreas transplants?

A

They still produce insulin

Can be controlled with controlled diet and increased exercise

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8
Q

What is the second messaged model?

A

Cascade of reactions that happens after the first messenger that take effect inside of the cell

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9
Q

d explain how the secretion of ADH affects urine produced by the kidneys

A
Permeability of membrane/cells (to water) is
increased;
More water absorbed from/leaves distal
tubule/collecting duct;
Smaller volume of urine;
Urine becomes more concentrated;
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10
Q

How does diabetes affect the nervous system?

A
  1. Damage to autonomic nervous system
  2. Pressure receptors don’t work as
    well;
  3. Damage to medulla
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11
Q

Describe the action of glucagon

A
  • Attaches to receptors on target cells
  • Activates enzymes involved in the conversion of glycogen to glucose
  • Activates enzymes involved in the conversion of glycerol and amino acids into glucose
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12
Q

Describe the action of insulin

A

Attaches to receptors on the surfaces of target cells
Controls the uptake of glucose by regulating the inclusion of channel proteins in the surface membranes of target cells
Activating enzymes involved in the conversion of glucose to glycogen

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13
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

The formation of glycogen from glucose

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14
Q

Where does glycogenesis occur?

A

Happens in the liver

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15
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen to release glucose

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16
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The synthesis of glucose from molecules that are not carbohydrates such as amino acids and fatty acids

17
Q

What is the second messenger model?

A

No direct effect on the liver cells, instead it causes a cascade of reactions