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Intergrated physiology and pharmacology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is compliance?

A

C= change in volume/ change in pressure

Measure of elasticity, low in pulmonary fibrosis, high in emphysema

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2
Q

What are special properties of the fluid lining the lungs?

A

Pulmonary surfactant- reduced surface tension in the alveoli

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3
Q

What mechanical factors affect airway resistance?

A
  1. Mucus secretion
  2. Constriction of the bronchiolar smooth muscle
  3. Oedema of bronchiolar tissue
  4. Lung volume
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4
Q

What chemical factors affect airway resistance?

A 
Endogenous= histamine, serotonin, catecholamines 
Exogenous= sterioids, irritant chemicals
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5
Q

What chemical factors affect airway resistance?

A 
Endogenous= histamine, serotonin, catecholamines 
Exogenous= steroids, irritant chemicals,sympathomimetics
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6
Q

What happens to the external and internal intercostal muscles, ribs, diaphragm and volume of the thorax before inspiration occurs?

A 
EIs contract, IIs relax
Ribs pulled upwards and outwards
Diaphragm contracts
Volume of thorax increases
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure
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7
Q

What happens to the external and internal intercostals muscles, ribs, diaphragm and volume of the thorax before expiration occurs?

A 
EIs relax, IIs contract
Ribs pulled inwards and downwards
Diaphragm relaxes
Volume of thorax decreases
Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
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8
Q

Which 2 factors cause intrapleural pressure to always be negative?

A
  1. Elasticity of the lungs- lungs pull away from thoracic wall
  2. Elasticity of thoracic wall- wall tends to pull away from lungs
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9
Q

What are the inflation factors which need to be overcome for inspiration to occur?

A
  1. Elastic recoil of lung tissue
  2. Surface tension in alveoli
  3. Airways resistance
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10
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant?

A

Surfactant produced by type 2 pneumocytes which lowers surface tension- making alveoli stable against collapse

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11
Q

What are characteristics of emphysema?

A
  1. Chronic overinflation of the alveoli
  2. Airways are flimsy and less able to resist collapse
  3. Elasticity of lungs impaired
  4. Obstructive pulmonary disease
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12
Q

What is airflow?

A

Airflow is proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to resistance

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13
Q

What are the main characteristics of the 3 flow types

A
  1. Laminar
    - uniform speed and direction
  2. Turbulent
    - irregular currents and vortices develop
  3. Transitional flow
    - high number of bifurcations disrupt flow, creating eddies (swirling)
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14
Q

What determines the type of flow?

A

The Reynolds number
Re smaller than 1000= laminar
Re greater than 1500= turbulent

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15
Q

As you move towards the alveoli what happens to the:

  1. Total cross sectional area
  2. Reynolds number
  3. Velocity of air
  4. Ventilation
  5. Perfusion
A
  1. Increases
  2. Decreases
  3. Decreases
  4. Increases
  5. Increases
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16
Q

What type of disease is asthma?

A

Obstructive disease (atropic and non-atropic triggers)

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17
Q

What are 2 characteristics of an asthmatics spirometry reading

A

Decreased FEV1

Unaltered FVC

18
Q

What causes asthma? (in regards to theN.S)

A

Increased parasympathetic activity
dysfunctional M2 receptors
causes an increase in basal tone and muscular constriction in response to irritants

19
Q

What are the 3 general treatments of asthma?

A 
1.B2 adrenergic agonists- short term= salbutamol
long term= salmeterol 
2.Anticholinergics 
block the effect of Ach
e.g tiotropium bromide
3.Glucocorticoids 
anti inflammatory actions
20
Q

What does parasympathetic control of respiration involve?

A

Ach released from vagus nerve
M3 activation-> Gq pathway-> muscular contraction
Ach that binds to M2-> inhibits further release of Ach- NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

21
Q

What does sympathetic control of respiration cause?

A

NA released

B2 adrenoreceptors-> activation of Gs pathway->relaxation

22
Q

What generates the basic respiratory rhythm?

A

Centres in the medulla

23
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group control?

A

Quiet inspiration

24
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group control?

A

Forced inspiration and expiration

25
Q

Where does the medulla get inputs from?

A

PONS, vagus nerve etc.

26
Q

What does the pneumotaxic centre of the PONS do?

A

Increases the rate of breathing by shortening inspirations

27
Q

What does the apneustic centre of the PONS do?

A

Increases the depth and decreases the rate of breathing by prolonging inspirations

28
Q

What is the name of the reflex which gives the medulla information about the inflation of the lungs

A

Hering-Breur reflex

29
Q

How do the stretch receptors in the lung decrease the rate of inspiration?

A

They signal to the vagus nerve-> vagus nerve inhibits inspiratory centres-> inspiratory centre signals via phrenic nerve-> affects diaphragm

30
Q

What is the main stimulus for peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Hypoxia

31
Q

What is the main stimulus for central chemoreceptors?

A

Hypercapnia

32
Q

What does cranial nerve 12 supply?

A

The chest and diaphragm

33
Q

What does activity in the cranial nerve 12 match?

A

Activity in the pre-botzinger complex (cluster of neurons in the VRG)

34
Q

What are the 3 types of breathing?

A
  1. Eupnea
  2. Sigh
  3. Gasp- with the help of the PONS
35
Q

What are the 2 p.b.c cell types?

A
  1. Pacemaker

2. Non-pacemaker

36
Q

What two types of activity do pacemaker cells demonstrate?

A 
Bursting= summation of A.Ps, linked to contraction of muscles
Spiking= basic rhythm
37
Q

What pathway stimulates smooth muscle contraction?

A

Gq pathway

  1. Gq alpha subunit stimulated-> activates phospholipase C
  2. PLC cleaves PIP2 (phospholipid) releasing DAG and then IP3
  3. Dag stimulates PKC- stimulates Cav channels in membrane- calcium into cell- MLCphosphatase is inhibited
  4. IP3 is released into the cytosol, binds to IP3 receptors(in the E.R)-> opening calcium channels
  5. Calcium binds to calmodulin
  6. Calcium-calmodulin complex interacts and activates MLCK -> muscle contraction
38
Q

What pathway stimulates smooth muscle relaxation?

A

Gs pathway

  1. Activated Gs subunit (by GTP binding) stimulates adenylate cyclase
  2. Adenylate cyclase catalyses the conversion of ATP to cAMP
  3. cAMP stimulates PKA
  4. PKA phosphorylates IP3 receptors (and MLCK)- reducing their sensitivity to IP3 binding
  5. MLCK inhibited= muscle relaxation
39
Q

What is the Gi pathway?

A

Pathway that inhibits muscle relaxation
Gi inhibits adenylate cyclase and thus the production of cAMP
Opposes the Gs pathway

40
Q

What occurs in the PBC?

A

Primary site of rhythm generation

Intergrated physiology and pharmacology (19 decks)

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