Respiration Flashcards
What are four stages of respiration called? what are the two types of anaerobic respiration and their stages?
AEROBIC
1) glycolysis
2) link reaction
3) krebs cycle
4) oxidative phosphorylation
ANAEROBIC
1) alcoholic fermentation= pyruvate–> CO2+ Ethanal 2C— H2 from NADH2—> Ethanol
2) lactic acid fermentation= Pyruvate– H2 from NADH2–> Lactic acid 3C
What are the five stages of glycolysis?
GLUCOSE 6C ————(ATP–>ADP)—> GLUCOSE PHOSPHATE 6C ——(ATP—>ADP)—> GLUCOSE BISPHOSPHATE 6C——(splits)—> 2 TRIOSE PHOSPHATE 3C ———-(NAD–>NADH2) & (ADP+Pi—>ATP)——-> 2 PYRUVATE 3C
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
cell cytoplasm
How many ATP’s are produced from glycolysis? what is the net gain?
4 produced
net gain of 2 ( 2 used in the start)
What level of phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis?
phosphoylation when ATP is added
substrate level, phosphorylation when ATP is produced
What enzyme catalyses NAD –> NADH2
Dehydrogenase- H2 removed from substrate and added to nad- oxidised
What are the steps involved in the link reaction?
PYRUVATE 3C ———— (CO2 removed by decarboxylase) ———- (NAD—> NADH2 by dehydrogenase) ———> Acetyl—— (co-enzyme A) —–> Acetyl Co- enzyme A 2C
What are the steps in the krebs cycle? (6 substrates)
Acetyl Co- enzyme A transports acetyl to the cycle
Joins before first 6C ( citric acid)
6C (citric acid)– CO2, NADH2–> 5C– CO2, NADH2–> 4C– ATP–> 4C–FAD–> 4C–> NAD–> 4C (oxaloactetate)– 6C ( citric acid)
Where does the link reaction and the krebs cycle take place in the cell?
mitochondrial matrix
Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation
NADH2 and FADH2 move to electron transport chain, H atoms removed producing high energy electrons and protons
ETC
-move from one carrier to next
- e- arrives= reduced, e- leaves= oxidised
- energy released as e leaves
- at end oxygen picks up electrons and H
+ to form water
(1/2 O2)+ (2H+)+ (2e-)–> H2O
CHEMIOSMOSIS
- synthesis of ATP by flow of protons across membrane down electrochemical gradient through stalked particles and ATP synthase
- use electrical energy to phosphorylate ATP
How many ATP’s are made in total in respiration? how many in each stage?
38 in total GLYCOLYSIS 2 directly, 6 indirectly LINK 0 directly, 6 indirectly KREBS 2 directly, 22 indirectly
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Intermembrane space
What is ATP used for?
Muscle contraction, metabolic activity, protein synthesis, active transport
How many ATP’s does NAD make? and FAD?
NAD= 3 FAD= 2
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
